[poolifier.git] / src / pools / abstract-pool.ts

import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
import type {
  MessageValue,
  PromiseResponseWrapper,
  Task
} from '../utility-types'
import {
  DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
  DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
  EMPTY_FUNCTION,
  isAsyncFunction,
  isKillBehavior,
  isPlainObject,
  median,
  round,
  updateMeasurementStatistics
} from '../utils'
import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options'
import {
  type IPool,
  PoolEmitter,
  PoolEvents,
  type PoolInfo,
  type PoolOptions,
  type PoolType,
  PoolTypes,
  type TasksQueueOptions
} from './pool'
import type {
  IWorker,
  IWorkerNode,
  WorkerInfo,
  WorkerType,
  WorkerUsage
} from './worker'
import {
  type MeasurementStatisticsRequirements,
  Measurements,
  WorkerChoiceStrategies,
  type WorkerChoiceStrategy,
  type WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
} from './selection-strategies/selection-strategies-types'
import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context'
import { version } from './version'
import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node'

/**
 * Base class that implements some shared logic for all poolifier pools.
 *
 * @typeParam Worker - Type of worker which manages this pool.
 * @typeParam Data - Type of data sent to the worker. This can only be structured-cloneable data.
 * @typeParam Response - Type of execution response. This can only be structured-cloneable data.
 */
export abstract class AbstractPool<
  Worker extends IWorker,
  Data = unknown,
  Response = unknown
> implements IPool<Worker, Data, Response> {
  /** @inheritDoc */
  public readonly workerNodes: Array<IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>> = []

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public readonly emitter?: PoolEmitter

  /**
   * The task execution response promise map.
   *
   * - `key`: The message id of each submitted task.
   * - `value`: An object that contains the worker, the execution response promise resolve and reject callbacks.
   *
   * When we receive a message from the worker, we get a map entry with the promise resolve/reject bound to the message id.
   */
  protected promiseResponseMap: Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Response>> =
    new Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Response>>()

  /**
   * Worker choice strategy context referencing a worker choice algorithm implementation.
   */
  protected workerChoiceStrategyContext: WorkerChoiceStrategyContext<
  Worker,
  Data,
  Response
  >

  /**
   * Whether the pool is starting or not.
   */
  private readonly starting: boolean
  /**
   * The start timestamp of the pool.
   */
  private readonly startTimestamp

  /**
   * Constructs a new poolifier pool.
   *
   * @param numberOfWorkers - Number of workers that this pool should manage.
   * @param filePath - Path to the worker file.
   * @param opts - Options for the pool.
   */
  public constructor (
    protected readonly numberOfWorkers: number,
    protected readonly filePath: string,
    protected readonly opts: PoolOptions<Worker>
  ) {
    if (!this.isMain()) {
      throw new Error('Cannot start a pool from a worker!')
    }
    this.checkNumberOfWorkers(this.numberOfWorkers)
    this.checkFilePath(this.filePath)
    this.checkPoolOptions(this.opts)

    this.chooseWorkerNode = this.chooseWorkerNode.bind(this)
    this.executeTask = this.executeTask.bind(this)
    this.enqueueTask = this.enqueueTask.bind(this)
    this.dequeueTask = this.dequeueTask.bind(this)
    this.checkAndEmitEvents = this.checkAndEmitEvents.bind(this)

    if (this.opts.enableEvents === true) {
      this.emitter = new PoolEmitter()
    }
    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext = new WorkerChoiceStrategyContext<
    Worker,
    Data,
    Response
    >(
      this,
      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy,
      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
    )

    this.setupHook()

    this.starting = true
    this.startPool()
    this.starting = false

    this.startTimestamp = performance.now()
  }

  private checkFilePath (filePath: string): void {
    if (
      filePath == null ||
      typeof filePath !== 'string' ||
      (typeof filePath === 'string' && filePath.trim().length === 0)
    ) {
      throw new Error('Please specify a file with a worker implementation')
    }
    if (!existsSync(filePath)) {
      throw new Error(`Cannot find the worker file '${filePath}'`)
    }
  }

  private checkNumberOfWorkers (numberOfWorkers: number): void {
    if (numberOfWorkers == null) {
      throw new Error(
        'Cannot instantiate a pool without specifying the number of workers'
      )
    } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(numberOfWorkers)) {
      throw new TypeError(
        'Cannot instantiate a pool with a non safe integer number of workers'
      )
    } else if (numberOfWorkers < 0) {
      throw new RangeError(
        'Cannot instantiate a pool with a negative number of workers'
      )
    } else if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && numberOfWorkers === 0) {
      throw new RangeError('Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with zero worker')
    }
  }

  protected checkDynamicPoolSize (min: number, max: number): void {
    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
      if (max == null) {
        throw new Error(
          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool without specifying the maximum pool size'
        )
      } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(max)) {
        throw new TypeError(
          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a non safe integer maximum pool size'
        )
      } else if (min > max) {
        throw new RangeError(
          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size inferior to the minimum pool size'
        )
      } else if (max === 0) {
        throw new RangeError(
          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a pool size equal to zero'
        )
      } else if (min === max) {
        throw new RangeError(
          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a minimum pool size equal to the maximum pool size. Use a fixed pool instead'
        )
      }
    }
  }

  private checkPoolOptions (opts: PoolOptions<Worker>): void {
    if (isPlainObject(opts)) {
      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy =
        opts.workerChoiceStrategy ?? WorkerChoiceStrategies.ROUND_ROBIN
      this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy)
      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions =
        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions ??
        DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS
      this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(
        this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
      )
      this.opts.restartWorkerOnError = opts.restartWorkerOnError ?? true
      this.opts.enableEvents = opts.enableEvents ?? true
      this.opts.enableTasksQueue = opts.enableTasksQueue ?? false
      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue) {
        this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(
          opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
        )
        this.opts.tasksQueueOptions = this.buildTasksQueueOptions(
          opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
        )
      }
    } else {
      throw new TypeError('Invalid pool options: must be a plain object')
    }
  }

  private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy (
    workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy
  ): void {
    if (!Object.values(WorkerChoiceStrategies).includes(workerChoiceStrategy)) {
      throw new Error(
        `Invalid worker choice strategy '${workerChoiceStrategy}'`
      )
    }
  }

  private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions (
    workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
  ): void {
    if (!isPlainObject(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)) {
      throw new TypeError(
        'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must be a plain object'
      )
    }
    if (
      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights != null &&
      Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !== this.maxSize
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must have a weight for each worker node'
      )
    }
    if (
      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.measurement != null &&
      !Object.values(Measurements).includes(
        workerChoiceStrategyOptions.measurement
      )
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        `Invalid worker choice strategy options: invalid measurement '${workerChoiceStrategyOptions.measurement}'`
      )
    }
  }

  private checkValidTasksQueueOptions (
    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
  ): void {
    if (tasksQueueOptions != null && !isPlainObject(tasksQueueOptions)) {
      throw new TypeError('Invalid tasks queue options: must be a plain object')
    }
    if (
      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
      !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions.concurrency)
    ) {
      throw new TypeError(
        'Invalid worker tasks concurrency: must be an integer'
      )
    }
    if (
      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
      tasksQueueOptions.concurrency <= 0
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        `Invalid worker tasks concurrency '${tasksQueueOptions.concurrency}'`
      )
    }
  }

  private startPool (): void {
    while (
      this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          !workerNode.info.dynamic ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
        0
      ) < this.numberOfWorkers
    ) {
      this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
    }
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public get info (): PoolInfo {
    return {
      version,
      type: this.type,
      worker: this.worker,
      ready: this.ready,
      strategy: this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy,
      minSize: this.minSize,
      maxSize: this.maxSize,
      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
        .runTime.aggregate &&
        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
          .waitTime.aggregate && { utilization: round(this.utilization) }),
      workerNodes: this.workerNodes.length,
      idleWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
            ? accumulator + 1
            : accumulator,
        0
      ),
      busyWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          workerNode.usage.tasks.executing > 0 ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
        0
      ),
      executedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.executed,
        0
      ),
      executingTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.executing,
        0
      ),
      queuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.queued,
        0
      ),
      maxQueuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.maxQueued ?? 0),
        0
      ),
      failedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.failed,
        0
      ),
      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
        .runTime.aggregate && {
        runTime: {
          minimum: round(
            Math.min(
              ...this.workerNodes.map(
                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
              )
            )
          ),
          maximum: round(
            Math.max(
              ...this.workerNodes.map(
                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
              )
            )
          ),
          average: round(
            this.workerNodes.reduce(
              (accumulator, workerNode) =>
                accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
              0
            ) /
              this.workerNodes.reduce(
                (accumulator, workerNode) =>
                  accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.executed ?? 0),
                0
              )
          ),
          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
            .runTime.median && {
            median: round(
              median(
                this.workerNodes.map(
                  workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.median ?? 0
                )
              )
            )
          })
        }
      }),
      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
        .waitTime.aggregate && {
        waitTime: {
          minimum: round(
            Math.min(
              ...this.workerNodes.map(
                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
              )
            )
          ),
          maximum: round(
            Math.max(
              ...this.workerNodes.map(
                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
              )
            )
          ),
          average: round(
            this.workerNodes.reduce(
              (accumulator, workerNode) =>
                accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
              0
            ) /
              this.workerNodes.reduce(
                (accumulator, workerNode) =>
                  accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.executed ?? 0),
                0
              )
          ),
          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
            .waitTime.median && {
            median: round(
              median(
                this.workerNodes.map(
                  workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.median ?? 0
                )
              )
            )
          })
        }
      })
    }
  }

  /**
   * The pool readiness boolean status.
   */
  private get ready (): boolean {
    return (
      this.workerNodes.reduce(
        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
          !workerNode.info.dynamic && workerNode.info.ready
            ? accumulator + 1
            : accumulator,
        0
      ) >= this.minSize
    )
  }

  /**
   * The approximate pool utilization.
   *
   * @returns The pool utilization.
   */
  private get utilization (): number {
    const poolTimeCapacity =
      (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) * this.maxSize
    const totalTasksRunTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
      (accumulator, workerNode) =>
        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
      0
    )
    const totalTasksWaitTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
      (accumulator, workerNode) =>
        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
      0
    )
    return (totalTasksRunTime + totalTasksWaitTime) / poolTimeCapacity
  }

  /**
   * The pool type.
   *
   * If it is `'dynamic'`, it provides the `max` property.
   */
  protected abstract get type (): PoolType

  /**
   * The worker type.
   */
  protected abstract get worker (): WorkerType

  /**
   * The pool minimum size.
   */
  protected abstract get minSize (): number

  /**
   * The pool maximum size.
   */
  protected abstract get maxSize (): number

  /**
   * Checks if the worker id sent in the received message from a worker is valid.
   *
   * @param message - The received message.
   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the worker id is invalid.
   */
  private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
    if (
      message.workerId != null &&
      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1
    ) {
      throw new Error(
        `Worker message received from unknown worker '${message.workerId}'`
      )
    }
  }

  /**
   * Gets the given worker its worker node key.
   *
   * @param worker - The worker.
   * @returns The worker node key if found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
   */
  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker (worker: Worker): number {
    return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
      workerNode => workerNode.worker === worker
    )
  }

  /**
   * Gets the worker node key given its worker id.
   *
   * @param workerId - The worker id.
   * @returns The worker node key if the worker id is found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
   */
  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId (workerId: number): number {
    return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
      workerNode => workerNode.info.id === workerId
    )
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public setWorkerChoiceStrategy (
    workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy,
    workerChoiceStrategyOptions?: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
  ): void {
    this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(workerChoiceStrategy)
    this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy = workerChoiceStrategy
    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setWorkerChoiceStrategy(
      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy
    )
    if (workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
      this.setWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
    }
    for (const [workerNodeKey, workerNode] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
      workerNode.resetUsage()
      this.sendWorkerStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
    }
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public setWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions (
    workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
  ): void {
    this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
    this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = workerChoiceStrategyOptions
    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setOptions(
      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
    )
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public enableTasksQueue (
    enable: boolean,
    tasksQueueOptions?: TasksQueueOptions
  ): void {
    if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && !enable) {
      this.flushTasksQueues()
    }
    this.opts.enableTasksQueue = enable
    this.setTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public setTasksQueueOptions (tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions): void {
    if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
      this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
      this.opts.tasksQueueOptions =
        this.buildTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
    } else if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions != null) {
      delete this.opts.tasksQueueOptions
    }
  }

  private buildTasksQueueOptions (
    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
  ): TasksQueueOptions {
    return {
      concurrency: tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency ?? 1
    }
  }

  /**
   * Whether the pool is full or not.
   *
   * The pool filling boolean status.
   */
  protected get full (): boolean {
    return this.workerNodes.length >= this.maxSize
  }

  /**
   * Whether the pool is busy or not.
   *
   * The pool busyness boolean status.
   */
  protected abstract get busy (): boolean

  /**
   * Whether worker nodes are executing at least one task.
   *
   * @returns Worker nodes busyness boolean status.
   */
  protected internalBusy (): boolean {
    return (
      this.workerNodes.findIndex(workerNode => {
        return workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
      }) === -1
    )
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public async execute (data?: Data, name?: string): Promise<Response> {
    return await new Promise<Response>((resolve, reject) => {
      const timestamp = performance.now()
      const workerNodeKey = this.chooseWorkerNode()
      const task: Task<Data> = {
        name: name ?? DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
        data: data ?? ({} as Data),
        timestamp,
        workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number,
        id: randomUUID()
      }
      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.id as string, {
        resolve,
        reject,
        workerNodeKey
      })
      if (
        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
        (this.busy ||
          this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing >=
            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number))
      ) {
        this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
      } else {
        this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
      }
      this.checkAndEmitEvents()
    })
  }

  /** @inheritDoc */
  public async destroy (): Promise<void> {
    await Promise.all(
      this.workerNodes.map(async (workerNode, workerNodeKey) => {
        this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
        // FIXME: wait for tasks to be finished
        const workerExitPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
          workerNode.worker.on('exit', () => {
            resolve()
          })
        })
        await this.destroyWorkerNode(workerNodeKey)
        await workerExitPromise
      })
    )
  }

  /**
   * Terminates the worker node given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   */
  protected abstract destroyWorkerNode (
    workerNodeKey: number
  ): void | Promise<void>

  /**
   * Setup hook to execute code before worker nodes are created in the abstract constructor.
   * Can be overridden.
   *
   * @virtual
   */
  protected setupHook (): void {
    // Intentionally empty
  }

  /**
   * Should return whether the worker is the main worker or not.
   */
  protected abstract isMain (): boolean

  /**
   * Hook executed before the worker task execution.
   * Can be overridden.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   * @param task - The task to execute.
   */
  protected beforeTaskExecutionHook (
    workerNodeKey: number,
    task: Task<Data>
  ): void {
    const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
    ++workerUsage.tasks.executing
    this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, task)
    const taskWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskWorkerUsage(
      task.name as string
    ) as WorkerUsage
    ++taskWorkerUsage.tasks.executing
    this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, task)
  }

  /**
   * Hook executed after the worker task execution.
   * Can be overridden.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   * @param message - The received message.
   */
  protected afterTaskExecutionHook (
    workerNodeKey: number,
    message: MessageValue<Response>
  ): void {
    const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
    this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
    this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
    this.updateEluWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
    const taskWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskWorkerUsage(
      message.taskPerformance?.name ?? DEFAULT_TASK_NAME
    ) as WorkerUsage
    this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, message)
    this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, message)
    this.updateEluWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, message)
  }

  private updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage (
    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
    message: MessageValue<Response>
  ): void {
    const workerTaskStatistics = workerUsage.tasks
    --workerTaskStatistics.executing
    if (message.taskError == null) {
      ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
    } else {
      ++workerTaskStatistics.failed
    }
  }

  private updateRunTimeWorkerUsage (
    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
    message: MessageValue<Response>
  ): void {
    updateMeasurementStatistics(
      workerUsage.runTime,
      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime,
      message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0,
      workerUsage.tasks.executed
    )
  }

  private updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage (
    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
    task: Task<Data>
  ): void {
    const timestamp = performance.now()
    const taskWaitTime = timestamp - (task.timestamp ?? timestamp)
    updateMeasurementStatistics(
      workerUsage.waitTime,
      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime,
      taskWaitTime,
      workerUsage.tasks.executed
    )
  }

  private updateEluWorkerUsage (
    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
    message: MessageValue<Response>
  ): void {
    const eluTaskStatisticsRequirements: MeasurementStatisticsRequirements =
      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
    updateMeasurementStatistics(
      workerUsage.elu.active,
      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.active ?? 0,
      workerUsage.tasks.executed
    )
    updateMeasurementStatistics(
      workerUsage.elu.idle,
      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.idle ?? 0,
      workerUsage.tasks.executed
    )
    if (eluTaskStatisticsRequirements.aggregate) {
      if (message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
        if (workerUsage.elu.utilization != null) {
          workerUsage.elu.utilization =
            (workerUsage.elu.utilization +
              message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization) /
            2
        } else {
          workerUsage.elu.utilization = message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Chooses a worker node for the next task.
   *
   * The default worker choice strategy uses a round robin algorithm to distribute the tasks.
   *
   * @returns The chosen worker node key
   */
  private chooseWorkerNode (): number {
    if (this.shallCreateDynamicWorker()) {
      const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
      if (
        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().useDynamicWorker
      ) {
        return workerNodeKey
      }
    }
    return this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.execute()
  }

  /**
   * Conditions for dynamic worker creation.
   *
   * @returns Whether to create a dynamic worker or not.
   */
  private shallCreateDynamicWorker (): boolean {
    return this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic && !this.full && this.internalBusy()
  }

  /**
   * Sends a message to worker given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   * @param message - The message.
   */
  protected abstract sendToWorker (
    workerNodeKey: number,
    message: MessageValue<Data>
  ): void

  /**
   * Creates a new worker.
   *
   * @returns Newly created worker.
   */
  protected abstract createWorker (): Worker

  /**
   * Creates a new, completely set up worker node.
   *
   * @returns New, completely set up worker node key.
   */
  protected createAndSetupWorkerNode (): number {
    const worker = this.createWorker()

    worker.on('message', this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
    worker.on('error', this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
    worker.on('error', error => {
      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
      workerInfo.ready = false
      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
      if (this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true && !this.starting) {
        if (workerInfo.dynamic) {
          this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
        } else {
          this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
        }
      }
      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(workerNodeKey)
      }
    })
    worker.on('online', this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
    worker.on('exit', this.opts.exitHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
    worker.once('exit', () => {
      this.removeWorkerNode(worker)
    })

    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(worker)

    this.afterWorkerNodeSetup(workerNodeKey)

    return workerNodeKey
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new, completely set up dynamic worker node.
   *
   * @returns New, completely set up dynamic worker node key.
   */
  protected createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode (): number {
    const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
      const localWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(
        message.workerId
      )
      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[localWorkerNodeKey].usage
      if (
        isKillBehavior(KillBehaviors.HARD, message.kill) ||
        (message.kill != null &&
          ((this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false &&
            workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0) ||
            (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
              workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
              this.tasksQueueSize(localWorkerNodeKey) === 0)))
      ) {
        // Kill message received from the worker: no new tasks are submitted to that worker for a while ( > maxInactiveTime)
        const destroyWorkerNodeBounded = this.destroyWorkerNode.bind(this)
        if (isAsyncFunction(destroyWorkerNodeBounded)) {
          (
            destroyWorkerNodeBounded as (workerNodeKey: number) => Promise<void>
          )(localWorkerNodeKey).catch(EMPTY_FUNCTION)
        } else {
          (destroyWorkerNodeBounded as (workerNodeKey: number) => void)(
            localWorkerNodeKey
          )
        }
      }
    })
    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
      checkActive: true,
      workerId: workerInfo.id as number
    })
    workerInfo.dynamic = true
    if (this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().useDynamicWorker) {
      workerInfo.ready = true
    }
    return workerNodeKey
  }

  /**
   * Registers a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
   */
  protected abstract registerWorkerMessageListener<
    Message extends Data | Response
  >(
    workerNodeKey: number,
    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
  ): void

  /**
   * Method hooked up after a worker node has been newly created.
   * Can be overridden.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The newly created worker node key.
   */
  protected afterWorkerNodeSetup (workerNodeKey: number): void {
    // Listen to worker messages.
    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, this.workerListener())
    // Send the startup message to worker.
    this.sendStartupMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
    // Send the worker statistics message to worker.
    this.sendWorkerStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
  }

  /**
   * Sends the startup message to worker given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   */
  protected abstract sendStartupMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): void

  /**
   * Sends the worker statistics message to worker given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   */
  private sendWorkerStatisticsMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): void {
    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
      statistics: {
        runTime:
          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
            .runTime.aggregate,
        elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
          .elu.aggregate
      },
      workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number
    })
  }

  private redistributeQueuedTasks (workerNodeKey: number): void {
    while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
      let targetWorkerNodeKey: number = workerNodeKey
      let minQueuedTasks = Infinity
      let executeTask = false
      for (const [workerNodeId, workerNode] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
        const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeId)
        if (
          workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey &&
          workerInfo.ready &&
          workerNode.usage.tasks.queued === 0
        ) {
          if (
            this.workerNodes[workerNodeId].usage.tasks.executing <
            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
          ) {
            executeTask = true
          }
          targetWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
          break
        }
        if (
          workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey &&
          workerInfo.ready &&
          workerNode.usage.tasks.queued < minQueuedTasks
        ) {
          minQueuedTasks = workerNode.usage.tasks.queued
          targetWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
        }
      }
      if (executeTask) {
        this.executeTask(
          targetWorkerNodeKey,
          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
        )
      } else {
        this.enqueueTask(
          targetWorkerNodeKey,
          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
        )
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * This method is the listener registered for each worker message.
   *
   * @returns The listener function to execute when a message is received from a worker.
   */
  protected workerListener (): (message: MessageValue<Response>) => void {
    return message => {
      this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
      if (message.ready != null) {
        // Worker ready response received
        this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
      } else if (message.id != null) {
        // Task execution response received
        this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
      }
    }
  }

  private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
    this.getWorkerInfo(
      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
    ).ready = message.ready as boolean
    if (this.emitter != null && this.ready) {
      this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
    }
  }

  private handleTaskExecutionResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(message.id as string)
    if (promiseResponse != null) {
      if (message.taskError != null) {
        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, message.taskError)
        promiseResponse.reject(message.taskError.message)
      } else {
        promiseResponse.resolve(message.data as Response)
      }
      const workerNodeKey = promiseResponse.workerNodeKey
      this.afterTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, message)
      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(message.id as string)
      if (
        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
      ) {
        this.executeTask(
          workerNodeKey,
          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
        )
      }
      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.update(workerNodeKey)
    }
  }

  private checkAndEmitEvents (): void {
    if (this.emitter != null) {
      if (this.busy) {
        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.busy, this.info)
      }
      if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic && this.full) {
        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Gets the worker information given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   * @returns The worker information.
   */
  protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo {
    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
  }

  /**
   * Adds the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
   *
   * @param worker - The worker.
   * @returns The added worker node key.
   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
   */
  private addWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
    const workerNode = new WorkerNode<Worker, Data>(worker, this.worker)
    // Flag the worker node as ready at pool startup.
    if (this.starting) {
      workerNode.info.ready = true
    }
    this.workerNodes.push(workerNode)
    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
    if (workerNodeKey === -1) {
      throw new Error('Worker node not found')
    }
    return workerNodeKey
  }

  /**
   * Removes the given worker from the pool worker nodes.
   *
   * @param worker - The worker.
   */
  private removeWorkerNode (worker: Worker): void {
    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
    if (workerNodeKey !== -1) {
      this.workerNodes.splice(workerNodeKey, 1)
      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.remove(workerNodeKey)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Executes the given task on the worker given its worker node key.
   *
   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
   * @param task - The task to execute.
   */
  private executeTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): void {
    this.beforeTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, task)
    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, task)
  }

  private enqueueTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): number {
    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].enqueueTask(task)
  }

  private dequeueTask (workerNodeKey: number): Task<Data> | undefined {
    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].dequeueTask()
  }

  private tasksQueueSize (workerNodeKey: number): number {
    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueueSize()
  }

  private flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
    while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
      this.executeTask(
        workerNodeKey,
        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
      )
    }
    this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].clearTasksQueue()
  }

  private flushTasksQueues (): void {
    for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
      this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
    }
  }
}