perf: remove unneeded condition in tasks stealing code
[poolifier.git] / src / pools / abstract-pool.ts
index 192725082942b1aa7b8904c07eaf8a2731865f45..2f5c61896658311c96c551deee3fb99552273be2 100644 (file)
@@ -1,13 +1,23 @@
 import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
-import type { MessageValue, PromiseResponseWrapper } from '../utility-types'
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { type TransferListItem } from 'node:worker_threads'
+import type {
+  MessageValue,
+  PromiseResponseWrapper,
+  Task,
+  Writable
+} from '../utility-types'
 import {
+  DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
   DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
   EMPTY_FUNCTION,
+  average,
   isKillBehavior,
   isPlainObject,
   median,
-  round
+  round,
+  updateMeasurementStatistics
 } from '../utils'
 import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options'
 import {
@@ -23,13 +33,12 @@ import {
 import type {
   IWorker,
   IWorkerNode,
-  MessageHandler,
-  Task,
   WorkerInfo,
   WorkerType,
   WorkerUsage
 } from './worker'
 import {
+  type MeasurementStatisticsRequirements,
   Measurements,
   WorkerChoiceStrategies,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategy,
@@ -58,17 +67,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   public readonly emitter?: PoolEmitter
 
   /**
-   * The execution response promise map.
+   * The task execution response promise map.
    *
    * - `key`: The message id of each submitted task.
    * - `value`: An object that contains the worker, the execution response promise resolve and reject callbacks.
    *
    * When we receive a message from the worker, we get a map entry with the promise resolve/reject bound to the message id.
    */
-  protected promiseResponseMap: Map<
-  string,
-  PromiseResponseWrapper<Worker, Response>
-  > = new Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Worker, Response>>()
+  protected promiseResponseMap: Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Response>> =
+    new Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Response>>()
 
   /**
    * Worker choice strategy context referencing a worker choice algorithm implementation.
@@ -79,6 +86,19 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   Response
   >
 
+  /**
+   * Dynamic pool maximum size property placeholder.
+   */
+  protected readonly max?: number
+
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool is starting or not.
+   */
+  private readonly starting: boolean
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool is started or not.
+   */
+  private started: boolean
   /**
    * The start timestamp of the pool.
    */
@@ -97,7 +117,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     protected readonly opts: PoolOptions<Worker>
   ) {
     if (!this.isMain()) {
-      throw new Error('Cannot start a pool from a worker!')
+      throw new Error(
+        'Cannot start a pool from a worker with the same type as the pool'
+      )
     }
     this.checkNumberOfWorkers(this.numberOfWorkers)
     this.checkFilePath(this.filePath)
@@ -106,7 +128,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.chooseWorkerNode = this.chooseWorkerNode.bind(this)
     this.executeTask = this.executeTask.bind(this)
     this.enqueueTask = this.enqueueTask.bind(this)
-    this.checkAndEmitEvents = this.checkAndEmitEvents.bind(this)
 
     if (this.opts.enableEvents === true) {
       this.emitter = new PoolEmitter()
@@ -123,9 +144,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
     this.setupHook()
 
-    while (this.workerNodes.length < this.numberOfWorkers) {
-      this.createAndSetupWorker()
-    }
+    this.starting = true
+    this.startPool()
+    this.starting = false
+    this.started = true
 
     this.startTimestamp = performance.now()
   }
@@ -133,10 +155,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   private checkFilePath (filePath: string): void {
     if (
       filePath == null ||
+      typeof filePath !== 'string' ||
       (typeof filePath === 'string' && filePath.trim().length === 0)
     ) {
       throw new Error('Please specify a file with a worker implementation')
     }
+    if (!existsSync(filePath)) {
+      throw new Error(`Cannot find the worker file '${filePath}'`)
+    }
   }
 
   private checkNumberOfWorkers (numberOfWorkers: number): void {
@@ -159,13 +185,21 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   protected checkDynamicPoolSize (min: number, max: number): void {
     if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
-      if (min > max) {
+      if (max == null) {
+        throw new TypeError(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool without specifying the maximum pool size'
+        )
+      } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(max)) {
+        throw new TypeError(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a non safe integer maximum pool size'
+        )
+      } else if (min > max) {
         throw new RangeError(
           'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size inferior to the minimum pool size'
         )
-      } else if (min === 0 && max === 0) {
+      } else if (max === 0) {
         throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a minimum pool size and a maximum pool size equal to zero'
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size equal to zero'
         )
       } else if (min === max) {
         throw new RangeError(
@@ -180,9 +214,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy =
         opts.workerChoiceStrategy ?? WorkerChoiceStrategies.ROUND_ROBIN
       this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy)
-      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions =
-        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions ??
-        DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS
+      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
+        ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
+        ...opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+      }
       this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(
         this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
       )
@@ -220,6 +255,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must be a plain object'
       )
     }
+    if (
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.choiceRetries != null &&
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.choiceRetries)
+    ) {
+      throw new TypeError(
+        'Invalid worker choice strategy options: choice retries must be an integer'
+      )
+    }
+    if (
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.choiceRetries != null &&
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.choiceRetries < 0
+    ) {
+      throw new RangeError(
+        `Invalid worker choice strategy options: choice retries '${workerChoiceStrategyOptions.choiceRetries}' must be greater or equal than zero`
+      )
+    }
     if (
       workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights != null &&
       Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !== this.maxSize
@@ -241,7 +292,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   private checkValidTasksQueueOptions (
-    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
+    tasksQueueOptions: Writable<TasksQueueOptions>
   ): void {
     if (tasksQueueOptions != null && !isPlainObject(tasksQueueOptions)) {
       throw new TypeError('Invalid tasks queue options: must be a plain object')
@@ -251,19 +302,49 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions.concurrency)
     ) {
       throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker tasks concurrency: must be an integer'
+        'Invalid worker node tasks concurrency: must be an integer'
       )
     }
     if (
       tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
       tasksQueueOptions.concurrency <= 0
     ) {
+      throw new RangeError(
+        `Invalid worker node tasks concurrency: ${tasksQueueOptions.concurrency} is a negative integer or zero`
+      )
+    }
+    if (tasksQueueOptions?.queueMaxSize != null) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Invalid worker tasks concurrency '${tasksQueueOptions.concurrency}'`
+        'Invalid tasks queue options: queueMaxSize is deprecated, please use size instead'
+      )
+    }
+    if (
+      tasksQueueOptions?.size != null &&
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions.size)
+    ) {
+      throw new TypeError(
+        'Invalid worker node tasks queue size: must be an integer'
+      )
+    }
+    if (tasksQueueOptions?.size != null && tasksQueueOptions.size <= 0) {
+      throw new RangeError(
+        `Invalid worker node tasks queue size: ${tasksQueueOptions.size} is a negative integer or zero`
       )
     }
   }
 
+  private startPool (): void {
+    while (
+      this.workerNodes.reduce(
+        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+          !workerNode.info.dynamic ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
+        0
+      ) < this.numberOfWorkers
+    ) {
+      this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
+    }
+  }
+
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public get info (): PoolInfo {
     return {
@@ -301,16 +382,30 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.executing,
         0
       ),
-      queuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
-        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.queued,
-        0
-      ),
-      maxQueuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
-        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.maxQueued,
-        0
-      ),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        queuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.queued,
+          0
+        )
+      }),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        maxQueuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.maxQueued ?? 0),
+          0
+        )
+      }),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        backPressure: this.hasBackPressure()
+      }),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        stolenTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.stolen,
+          0
+        )
+      }),
       failedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (accumulator, workerNode) =>
           accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.failed,
@@ -322,35 +417,37 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           minimum: round(
             Math.min(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
+                (workerNode) => workerNode.usage.runTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
           maximum: round(
             Math.max(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
+                (workerNode) => workerNode.usage.runTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
-          average: round(
-            this.workerNodes.reduce(
-              (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-                accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
-              0
-            ) /
-              this.workerNodes.reduce(
-                (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-                  accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.executed ?? 0),
-                0
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .runTime.average && {
+            average: round(
+              average(
+                this.workerNodes.reduce<number[]>(
+                  (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                    accumulator.concat(workerNode.usage.runTime.history),
+                  []
+                )
               )
-          ),
+            )
+          }),
           ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
             .runTime.median && {
             median: round(
               median(
-                this.workerNodes.map(
-                  workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.median ?? 0
+                this.workerNodes.reduce<number[]>(
+                  (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                    accumulator.concat(workerNode.usage.runTime.history),
+                  []
                 )
               )
             )
@@ -363,35 +460,37 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           minimum: round(
             Math.min(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
+                (workerNode) => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
           maximum: round(
             Math.max(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
+                (workerNode) => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
-          average: round(
-            this.workerNodes.reduce(
-              (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-                accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
-              0
-            ) /
-              this.workerNodes.reduce(
-                (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-                  accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.executed ?? 0),
-                0
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .waitTime.average && {
+            average: round(
+              average(
+                this.workerNodes.reduce<number[]>(
+                  (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                    accumulator.concat(workerNode.usage.waitTime.history),
+                  []
+                )
               )
-          ),
+            )
+          }),
           ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
             .waitTime.median && {
             median: round(
               median(
-                this.workerNodes.map(
-                  workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.median ?? 0
+                this.workerNodes.reduce<number[]>(
+                  (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                    accumulator.concat(workerNode.usage.waitTime.history),
+                  []
                 )
               )
             )
@@ -401,26 +500,28 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private get starting (): boolean {
-    return (
-      !this.full ||
-      (this.full && this.workerNodes.some(workerNode => !workerNode.info.ready))
-    )
-  }
-
+  /**
+   * The pool readiness boolean status.
+   */
   private get ready (): boolean {
     return (
-      this.full && this.workerNodes.every(workerNode => workerNode.info.ready)
+      this.workerNodes.reduce(
+        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+          !workerNode.info.dynamic && workerNode.info.ready
+            ? accumulator + 1
+            : accumulator,
+        0
+      ) >= this.minSize
     )
   }
 
   /**
-   * Gets the approximate pool utilization.
+   * The approximate pool utilization.
    *
    * @returns The pool utilization.
    */
   private get utilization (): number {
-    const poolRunTimeCapacity =
+    const poolTimeCapacity =
       (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) * this.maxSize
     const totalTasksRunTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
       (accumulator, workerNode) =>
@@ -432,46 +533,47 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
       0
     )
-    return (totalTasksRunTime + totalTasksWaitTime) / poolRunTimeCapacity
+    return (totalTasksRunTime + totalTasksWaitTime) / poolTimeCapacity
   }
 
   /**
-   * Pool type.
+   * The pool type.
    *
    * If it is `'dynamic'`, it provides the `max` property.
    */
   protected abstract get type (): PoolType
 
   /**
-   * Gets the worker type.
+   * The worker type.
    */
   protected abstract get worker (): WorkerType
 
   /**
-   * Pool minimum size.
+   * The pool minimum size.
    */
-  protected abstract get minSize (): number
+  protected get minSize (): number {
+    return this.numberOfWorkers
+  }
 
   /**
-   * Pool maximum size.
+   * The pool maximum size.
    */
-  protected abstract get maxSize (): number
+  protected get maxSize (): number {
+    return this.max ?? this.numberOfWorkers
+  }
 
   /**
-   * Get the worker given its id.
+   * Checks if the worker id sent in the received message from a worker is valid.
    *
-   * @param workerId - The worker id.
-   * @returns The worker if found in the pool worker nodes, `undefined` otherwise.
+   * @param message - The received message.
+   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the worker id is invalid.
    */
-  private getWorkerById (workerId: number): Worker | undefined {
-    return this.workerNodes.find(workerNode => workerNode.info.id === workerId)
-      ?.worker
-  }
-
   private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    if (
+    if (message.workerId == null) {
+      throw new Error('Worker message received without worker id')
+    } else if (
       message.workerId != null &&
-      this.getWorkerById(message.workerId) == null
+      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1
     ) {
       throw new Error(
         `Worker message received from unknown worker '${message.workerId}'`
@@ -485,9 +587,21 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @param worker - The worker.
    * @returns The worker node key if found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
    */
-  private getWorkerNodeKey (worker: Worker): number {
+  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker (worker: Worker): number {
+    return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+      (workerNode) => workerNode.worker === worker
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the worker node key given its worker id.
+   *
+   * @param workerId - The worker id.
+   * @returns The worker node key if the worker id is found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
+   */
+  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId (workerId: number): number {
     return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
-      workerNode => workerNode.worker === worker
+      (workerNode) => workerNode.info.id === workerId
     )
   }
 
@@ -504,9 +618,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     if (workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
       this.setWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
     }
-    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
+    for (const [workerNodeKey, workerNode] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
       workerNode.resetUsage()
-      this.setWorkerStatistics(workerNode.worker)
+      this.sendStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
@@ -515,7 +629,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
   ): void {
     this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
-    this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+    this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
+      ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
+      ...workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+    }
     this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setOptions(
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
     )
@@ -539,16 +656,27 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
       this.opts.tasksQueueOptions =
         this.buildTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
+      this.setTasksQueueMaxSize(this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.size as number)
     } else if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions != null) {
       delete this.opts.tasksQueueOptions
     }
   }
 
+  private setTasksQueueMaxSize (size: number): void {
+    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
+      workerNode.tasksQueueBackPressureSize = size
+    }
+  }
+
   private buildTasksQueueOptions (
     tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
   ): TasksQueueOptions {
     return {
-      concurrency: tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency ?? 1
+      ...{
+        size: Math.pow(this.maxSize, 2),
+        concurrency: 1
+      },
+      ...tasksQueueOptions
     }
   }
 
@@ -569,76 +697,134 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   protected abstract get busy (): boolean
 
   /**
-   * Whether worker nodes are executing at least one task.
+   * Whether worker nodes are executing concurrently their tasks quota or not.
    *
    * @returns Worker nodes busyness boolean status.
    */
   protected internalBusy (): boolean {
-    return (
-      this.workerNodes.findIndex(workerNode => {
-        return workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
-      }) === -1
-    )
+    if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+      return (
+        this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+          (workerNode) =>
+            workerNode.info.ready &&
+            workerNode.usage.tasks.executing <
+              (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        ) === -1
+      )
+    } else {
+      return (
+        this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+          (workerNode) =>
+            workerNode.info.ready && workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
+        ) === -1
+      )
+    }
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
-  public async execute (data?: Data, name?: string): Promise<Response> {
-    const timestamp = performance.now()
-    const workerNodeKey = this.chooseWorkerNode()
-    const submittedTask: Task<Data> = {
-      name,
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
-      data: data ?? ({} as Data),
-      timestamp,
-      workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number,
-      id: randomUUID()
+  public listTaskFunctions (): string[] {
+    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
+      if (
+        Array.isArray(workerNode.info.taskFunctions) &&
+        workerNode.info.taskFunctions.length > 0
+      ) {
+        return workerNode.info.taskFunctions
+      }
     }
-    const res = new Promise<Response>((resolve, reject) => {
-      this.promiseResponseMap.set(submittedTask.id as string, {
+    return []
+  }
+
+  /** @inheritDoc */
+  public async execute (
+    data?: Data,
+    name?: string,
+    transferList?: TransferListItem[]
+  ): Promise<Response> {
+    return await new Promise<Response>((resolve, reject) => {
+      if (!this.started) {
+        reject(new Error('Cannot execute a task on destroyed pool'))
+        return
+      }
+      if (name != null && typeof name !== 'string') {
+        reject(new TypeError('name argument must be a string'))
+        return
+      }
+      if (
+        name != null &&
+        typeof name === 'string' &&
+        name.trim().length === 0
+      ) {
+        reject(new TypeError('name argument must not be an empty string'))
+        return
+      }
+      if (transferList != null && !Array.isArray(transferList)) {
+        reject(new TypeError('transferList argument must be an array'))
+        return
+      }
+      const timestamp = performance.now()
+      const workerNodeKey = this.chooseWorkerNode()
+      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey) as WorkerInfo
+      const task: Task<Data> = {
+        name: name ?? DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
+        data: data ?? ({} as Data),
+        transferList,
+        timestamp,
+        workerId: workerInfo.id as number,
+        taskId: randomUUID()
+      }
+      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId as string, {
         resolve,
         reject,
-        worker: this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].worker
+        workerNodeKey
       })
+      if (
+        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false ||
+        (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
+          this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
+          this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
+            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number))
+      ) {
+        this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+      } else {
+        this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+      }
     })
-    if (
-      this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-      (this.busy ||
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing >=
-          ((this.opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
-            .concurrency as number))
-    ) {
-      this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, submittedTask)
-    } else {
-      this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, submittedTask)
-    }
-    this.checkAndEmitEvents()
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/return-await
-    return res
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public async destroy (): Promise<void> {
     await Promise.all(
-      this.workerNodes.map(async (workerNode, workerNodeKey) => {
-        this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
-        // FIXME: wait for tasks to be finished
-        const workerExitPromise = new Promise<void>(resolve => {
-          workerNode.worker.on('exit', () => {
-            resolve()
-          })
-        })
-        await this.destroyWorker(workerNode.worker)
-        await workerExitPromise
+      this.workerNodes.map(async (_, workerNodeKey) => {
+        await this.destroyWorkerNode(workerNodeKey)
       })
     )
+    this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.destroy, this.info)
+    this.started = false
+  }
+
+  protected async sendKillMessageToWorker (
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    workerId: number
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, (message) => {
+        if (message.kill === 'success') {
+          resolve()
+        } else if (message.kill === 'failure') {
+          reject(new Error(`Worker ${workerId} kill message handling failed`))
+        }
+      })
+      this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, { kill: true, workerId })
+    })
   }
 
   /**
-   * Terminates the given worker.
+   * Terminates the worker node given its worker node key.
    *
-   * @param worker - A worker within `workerNodes`.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    */
-  protected abstract destroyWorker (worker: Worker): void | Promise<void>
+  protected abstract destroyWorkerNode (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void>
 
   /**
    * Setup hook to execute code before worker nodes are created in the abstract constructor.
@@ -647,7 +833,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @virtual
    */
   protected setupHook (): void {
-    // Intentionally empty
+    /** Intentionally empty */
   }
 
   /**
@@ -666,26 +852,72 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerNodeKey: number,
     task: Task<Data>
   ): void {
-    const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
-    ++workerUsage.tasks.executing
-    this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, task)
+    if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.usage != null) {
+      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
+      ++workerUsage.tasks.executing
+      this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, task)
+    }
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+        task.name as string
+      ) != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
+        workerNodeKey
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name as string) as WorkerUsage
+      ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.executing
+      this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, task)
+    }
   }
 
   /**
    * Hook executed after the worker task execution.
    * Can be overridden.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    * @param message - The received message.
    */
   protected afterTaskExecutionHook (
-    worker: Worker,
+    workerNodeKey: number,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)].usage
-    this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
-    this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
-    this.updateEluWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+    if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.usage != null) {
+      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
+      this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+      this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+      this.updateEluWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+    }
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+        message.taskPerformance?.name as string
+      ) != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
+        workerNodeKey
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+        message.taskPerformance?.name as string
+      ) as WorkerUsage
+      this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+      this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+      this.updateEluWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether the worker node shall update its task function worker usage or not.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @returns `true` if the worker node shall update its task function worker usage, `false` otherwise.
+   */
+  private shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
+    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+    return (
+      workerInfo != null &&
+      Array.isArray(workerInfo.taskFunctions) &&
+      workerInfo.taskFunctions.length > 2
+    )
   }
 
   private updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage (
@@ -693,7 +925,12 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
     const workerTaskStatistics = workerUsage.tasks
-    --workerTaskStatistics.executing
+    if (
+      workerTaskStatistics.executing != null &&
+      workerTaskStatistics.executing > 0
+    ) {
+      --workerTaskStatistics.executing
+    }
     if (message.taskError == null) {
       ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
     } else {
@@ -705,38 +942,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    if (
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime
-        .aggregate
-    ) {
-      const taskRunTime = message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0
-      workerUsage.runTime.aggregate =
-        (workerUsage.runTime.aggregate ?? 0) + taskRunTime
-      workerUsage.runTime.minimum = Math.min(
-        taskRunTime,
-        workerUsage.runTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
-      )
-      workerUsage.runTime.maximum = Math.max(
-        taskRunTime,
-        workerUsage.runTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
-      )
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime
-          .average &&
-        workerUsage.tasks.executed !== 0
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.runTime.average =
-          workerUsage.runTime.aggregate / workerUsage.tasks.executed
-      }
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime
-          .median &&
-        message.taskPerformance?.runTime != null
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.runTime.history.push(message.taskPerformance.runTime)
-        workerUsage.runTime.median = median(workerUsage.runTime.history)
-      }
+    if (message.taskError != null) {
+      return
     }
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.runTime,
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime,
+      message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0
+    )
   }
 
   private updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage (
@@ -745,53 +958,34 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   ): void {
     const timestamp = performance.now()
     const taskWaitTime = timestamp - (task.timestamp ?? timestamp)
-    if (
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime
-        .aggregate
-    ) {
-      workerUsage.waitTime.aggregate =
-        (workerUsage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0) + taskWaitTime
-      workerUsage.waitTime.minimum = Math.min(
-        taskWaitTime,
-        workerUsage.waitTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
-      )
-      workerUsage.waitTime.maximum = Math.max(
-        taskWaitTime,
-        workerUsage.waitTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
-      )
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .waitTime.average &&
-        workerUsage.tasks.executed !== 0
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.waitTime.average =
-          workerUsage.waitTime.aggregate / workerUsage.tasks.executed
-      }
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .waitTime.median
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.waitTime.history.push(taskWaitTime)
-        workerUsage.waitTime.median = median(workerUsage.waitTime.history)
-      }
-    }
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.waitTime,
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime,
+      taskWaitTime
+    )
   }
 
   private updateEluWorkerUsage (
     workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    if (
+    if (message.taskError != null) {
+      return
+    }
+    const eluTaskStatisticsRequirements: MeasurementStatisticsRequirements =
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-        .aggregate
-    ) {
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.elu.active,
+      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
+      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.active ?? 0
+    )
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.elu.idle,
+      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
+      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.idle ?? 0
+    )
+    if (eluTaskStatisticsRequirements.aggregate) {
       if (message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.aggregate =
-          (workerUsage.elu.idle?.aggregate ?? 0) +
-          message.taskPerformance.elu.idle
-        workerUsage.elu.active.aggregate =
-          (workerUsage.elu.active?.aggregate ?? 0) +
-          message.taskPerformance.elu.active
         if (workerUsage.elu.utilization != null) {
           workerUsage.elu.utilization =
             (workerUsage.elu.utilization +
@@ -800,43 +994,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         } else {
           workerUsage.elu.utilization = message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization
         }
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.minimum = Math.min(
-          message.taskPerformance.elu.idle,
-          workerUsage.elu.idle?.minimum ?? Infinity
-        )
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.maximum = Math.max(
-          message.taskPerformance.elu.idle,
-          workerUsage.elu.idle?.maximum ?? -Infinity
-        )
-        workerUsage.elu.active.minimum = Math.min(
-          message.taskPerformance.elu.active,
-          workerUsage.elu.active?.minimum ?? Infinity
-        )
-        workerUsage.elu.active.maximum = Math.max(
-          message.taskPerformance.elu.active,
-          workerUsage.elu.active?.maximum ?? -Infinity
-        )
-        if (
-          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-            .average &&
-          workerUsage.tasks.executed !== 0
-        ) {
-          workerUsage.elu.idle.average =
-            workerUsage.elu.idle.aggregate / workerUsage.tasks.executed
-          workerUsage.elu.active.average =
-            workerUsage.elu.active.aggregate / workerUsage.tasks.executed
-        }
-        if (
-          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-            .median
-        ) {
-          workerUsage.elu.idle.history.push(message.taskPerformance.elu.idle)
-          workerUsage.elu.active.history.push(
-            message.taskPerformance.elu.active
-          )
-          workerUsage.elu.idle.median = median(workerUsage.elu.idle.history)
-          workerUsage.elu.active.median = median(workerUsage.elu.active.history)
-        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -846,15 +1003,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    *
    * The default worker choice strategy uses a round robin algorithm to distribute the tasks.
    *
-   * @returns The worker node key
+   * @returns The chosen worker node key
    */
   private chooseWorkerNode (): number {
     if (this.shallCreateDynamicWorker()) {
-      const worker = this.createAndSetupDynamicWorker()
+      const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
       if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().useDynamicWorker
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerUsage
       ) {
-        return this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+        return workerNodeKey
       }
     }
     return this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.execute()
@@ -870,29 +1027,18 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   /**
-   * Sends a message to the given worker.
+   * Sends a message to worker given its worker node key.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker which should receive the message.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    * @param message - The message.
+   * @param transferList - The optional array of transferable objects.
    */
   protected abstract sendToWorker (
-    worker: Worker,
-    message: MessageValue<Data>
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    message: MessageValue<Data>,
+    transferList?: TransferListItem[]
   ): void
 
-  /**
-   * Registers a listener callback on the given worker.
-   *
-   * @param worker - The worker which should register a listener.
-   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
-   */
-  private registerWorkerMessageListener<Message extends Data | Response>(
-    worker: Worker,
-    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
-  ): void {
-    worker.on('message', listener as MessageHandler<Worker>)
-  }
-
   /**
    * Creates a new worker.
    *
@@ -901,164 +1047,339 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   protected abstract createWorker (): Worker
 
   /**
-   * Function that can be hooked up when a worker has been newly created and moved to the pool worker nodes.
-   * Can be overridden.
+   * Creates a new, completely set up worker node.
    *
-   * @param worker - The newly created worker.
+   * @returns New, completely set up worker node key.
    */
-  protected afterWorkerSetup (worker: Worker): void {
-    // Listen to worker messages.
-    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(worker, this.workerListener())
-    // Send startup message to worker.
-    this.sendToWorker(worker, {
-      ready: false,
-      workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)).id as number
-    })
-    // Setup worker task statistics computation.
-    this.setWorkerStatistics(worker)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Creates a new worker and sets it up completely in the pool worker nodes.
-   *
-   * @returns New, completely set up worker.
-   */
-  protected createAndSetupWorker (): Worker {
+  protected createAndSetupWorkerNode (): number {
     const worker = this.createWorker()
 
+    worker.on('online', this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.on('message', this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.on('error', this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('error', error => {
-      if (this.emitter != null) {
-        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
-      }
-      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
-        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(worker)
-      }
-      if (this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true && !this.starting) {
-        if (this.getWorkerInfo(this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)).dynamic) {
-          this.createAndSetupDynamicWorker()
+    worker.on('error', (error) => {
+      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey) as WorkerInfo
+      workerInfo.ready = false
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
+      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      if (
+        this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true &&
+        !this.starting &&
+        this.started
+      ) {
+        if (workerInfo.dynamic) {
+          this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
         } else {
-          this.createAndSetupWorker()
+          this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
         }
       }
+      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(workerNodeKey)
+      }
     })
-    worker.on('online', this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.on('exit', this.opts.exitHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.once('exit', () => {
       this.removeWorkerNode(worker)
     })
 
-    this.pushWorkerNode(worker)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(worker)
 
-    this.afterWorkerSetup(worker)
+    this.afterWorkerNodeSetup(workerNodeKey)
 
-    return worker
+    return workerNodeKey
   }
 
-  private redistributeQueuedTasks (worker: Worker): void {
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+  /**
+   * Creates a new, completely set up dynamic worker node.
+   *
+   * @returns New, completely set up dynamic worker node key.
+   */
+  protected createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode (): number {
+    const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
+    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, (message) => {
+      const localWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(
+        message.workerId
+      )
+      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[localWorkerNodeKey].usage
+      // Kill message received from worker
+      if (
+        isKillBehavior(KillBehaviors.HARD, message.kill) ||
+        (isKillBehavior(KillBehaviors.SOFT, message.kill) &&
+          ((this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false &&
+            workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0) ||
+            (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
+              workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
+              this.tasksQueueSize(localWorkerNodeKey) === 0)))
+      ) {
+        this.destroyWorkerNode(localWorkerNodeKey).catch((error) => {
+          this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+        })
+      }
+    })
+    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey) as WorkerInfo
+    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
+      checkActive: true,
+      workerId: workerInfo.id as number
+    })
+    workerInfo.dynamic = true
+    if (
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerReady ||
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerUsage
+    ) {
+      workerInfo.ready = true
+    }
+    this.checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents()
+    return workerNodeKey
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
+   */
+  protected abstract registerWorkerMessageListener<
+    Message extends Data | Response
+  >(
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
+  ): void
+
+  /**
+   * Method hooked up after a worker node has been newly created.
+   * Can be overridden.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The newly created worker node key.
+   */
+  protected afterWorkerNodeSetup (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    // Listen to worker messages.
+    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, this.workerListener())
+    // Send the startup message to worker.
+    this.sendStartupMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
+    // Send the statistics message to worker.
+    this.sendStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
+    if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onEmptyQueue =
+        this.taskStealingOnEmptyQueue.bind(this)
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onBackPressure =
+        this.tasksStealingOnBackPressure.bind(this)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sends the startup message to worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   */
+  protected abstract sendStartupMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): void
+
+  /**
+   * Sends the statistics message to worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   */
+  private sendStatisticsMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
+      statistics: {
+        runTime:
+          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .runTime.aggregate,
+        elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+          .elu.aggregate
+      },
+      workerId: (this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey) as WorkerInfo).id as number
+    })
+  }
+
+  private redistributeQueuedTasks (workerNodeKey: number): void {
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
-      let targetWorkerNodeKey: number = workerNodeKey
+      let destinationWorkerNodeKey!: number
       let minQueuedTasks = Infinity
       for (const [workerNodeId, workerNode] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+        if (workerNode.info.ready && workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey) {
+          if (workerNode.usage.tasks.queued === 0) {
+            destinationWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
+            break
+          }
+          if (workerNode.usage.tasks.queued < minQueuedTasks) {
+            minQueuedTasks = workerNode.usage.tasks.queued
+            destinationWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (destinationWorkerNodeKey != null) {
+        const destinationWorkerNode = this.workerNodes[destinationWorkerNodeKey]
+        const task = {
+          ...(this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>),
+          workerId: destinationWorkerNode.info.id as number
+        }
         if (
-          workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey &&
-          workerNode.usage.tasks.queued === 0
+          this.tasksQueueSize(destinationWorkerNodeKey) === 0 &&
+          destinationWorkerNode.usage.tasks.executing <
+            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
         ) {
-          targetWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
-          break
+          this.executeTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
+        } else {
+          this.enqueueTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private taskStealingOnEmptyQueue (workerId: number): void {
+    const destinationWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
+    const destinationWorkerNode = this.workerNodes[destinationWorkerNodeKey]
+    const workerNodes = this.workerNodes
+      .slice()
+      .sort(
+        (workerNodeA, workerNodeB) =>
+          workerNodeB.usage.tasks.queued - workerNodeA.usage.tasks.queued
+      )
+    for (const sourceWorkerNode of workerNodes) {
+      if (sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued === 0) {
+        break
+      }
+      if (
+        sourceWorkerNode.info.ready &&
+        sourceWorkerNode.info.id !== workerId &&
+        sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0
+      ) {
+        const task = {
+          ...(sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>),
+          workerId: destinationWorkerNode.info.id as number
+        }
+        if (
+          this.tasksQueueSize(destinationWorkerNodeKey) === 0 &&
+          destinationWorkerNode.usage.tasks.executing <
+            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        ) {
+          this.executeTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
+        } else {
+          this.enqueueTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
+        }
+        if (destinationWorkerNode?.usage != null) {
+          ++destinationWorkerNode.usage.tasks.stolen
         }
         if (
-          workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey &&
-          workerNode.usage.tasks.queued < minQueuedTasks
+          this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(destinationWorkerNodeKey) &&
+          destinationWorkerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+            task.name as string
+          ) != null
         ) {
-          minQueuedTasks = workerNode.usage.tasks.queued
-          targetWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
+          const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+            destinationWorkerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+              task.name as string
+            ) as WorkerUsage
+          ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.stolen
         }
+        break
       }
-      this.enqueueTask(
-        targetWorkerNodeKey,
-        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-      )
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Creates a new dynamic worker and sets it up completely in the pool worker nodes.
-   *
-   * @returns New, completely set up dynamic worker.
-   */
-  protected createAndSetupDynamicWorker (): Worker {
-    const worker = this.createAndSetupWorker()
-    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(worker, message => {
-      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+  private tasksStealingOnBackPressure (workerId: number): void {
+    if ((this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) <= 1) {
+      return
+    }
+    const sourceWorkerNode =
+      this.workerNodes[this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)]
+    const workerNodes = this.workerNodes
+      .slice()
+      .sort(
+        (workerNodeA, workerNodeB) =>
+          workerNodeA.usage.tasks.queued - workerNodeB.usage.tasks.queued
+      )
+    for (const [workerNodeKey, workerNode] of workerNodes.entries()) {
       if (
-        isKillBehavior(KillBehaviors.HARD, message.kill) ||
-        (message.kill != null &&
-          ((this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false &&
-            this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing === 0) ||
-            (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-              this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
-              this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0)))
+        sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0 &&
+        workerNode.info.ready &&
+        workerNode.info.id !== workerId &&
+        workerNode.usage.tasks.queued <
+          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) - 1
       ) {
-        // Kill message received from the worker: no new tasks are submitted to that worker for a while ( > maxInactiveTime)
-        void (this.destroyWorker(worker) as Promise<void>)
+        const task = {
+          ...(sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>),
+          workerId: workerNode.info.id as number
+        }
+        if (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0) {
+          this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+        } else {
+          this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+        }
+        if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
+          ++workerNode.usage.tasks.stolen
+        }
+        if (
+          this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+          workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name as string) != null
+        ) {
+          const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+            task.name as string
+          ) as WorkerUsage
+          ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.stolen
+        }
       }
-    })
-    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker))
-    workerInfo.dynamic = true
-    this.sendToWorker(worker, {
-      checkAlive: true,
-      workerId: workerInfo.id as number
-    })
-    return worker
+    }
   }
 
   /**
-   * This function is the listener registered for each worker message.
+   * This method is the listener registered for each worker message.
    *
    * @returns The listener function to execute when a message is received from a worker.
    */
   protected workerListener (): (message: MessageValue<Response>) => void {
-    return message => {
+    return (message) => {
       this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
-      if (message.ready != null && message.workerId != null) {
-        // Worker ready message received
-        this.handleWorkerReadyMessage(message)
-      } else if (message.id != null) {
-        // Task execution response received
+      if (message.ready != null && message.taskFunctions != null) {
+        // Worker ready response received from worker
+        this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
+      } else if (message.taskId != null) {
+        // Task execution response received from worker
         this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
+      } else if (message.taskFunctions != null) {
+        // Task functions message received from worker
+        (
+          this.getWorkerInfo(
+            this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
+          ) as WorkerInfo
+        ).taskFunctions = message.taskFunctions
       }
     }
   }
 
-  private handleWorkerReadyMessage (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    const worker = this.getWorkerById(message.workerId)
-    this.getWorkerInfo(this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker as Worker)).ready =
-      message.ready as boolean
+  private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
+    if (message.ready === false) {
+      throw new Error(`Worker ${message.workerId} failed to initialize`)
+    }
+    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(
+      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
+    ) as WorkerInfo
+    workerInfo.ready = message.ready as boolean
+    workerInfo.taskFunctions = message.taskFunctions
     if (this.emitter != null && this.ready) {
       this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
     }
   }
 
   private handleTaskExecutionResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(message.id as string)
+    const { taskId, taskError, data } = message
+    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(taskId as string)
     if (promiseResponse != null) {
-      if (message.taskError != null) {
-        if (this.emitter != null) {
-          this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, message.taskError)
-        }
-        promiseResponse.reject(message.taskError.message)
+      if (taskError != null) {
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, taskError)
+        promiseResponse.reject(taskError.message)
       } else {
-        promiseResponse.resolve(message.data as Response)
+        promiseResponse.resolve(data as Response)
       }
-      this.afterTaskExecutionHook(promiseResponse.worker, message)
-      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(message.id as string)
-      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(promiseResponse.worker)
+      const workerNodeKey = promiseResponse.workerNodeKey
+      this.afterTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, message)
+      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(taskId as string)
       if (
         this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0
+        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
+          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
       ) {
         this.executeTask(
           workerNodeKey,
@@ -1069,34 +1390,59 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkAndEmitEvents (): void {
-    if (this.emitter != null) {
-      if (this.busy) {
-        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.busy, this.info)
-      }
-      if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic && this.full) {
-        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
+  private checkAndEmitTaskExecutionEvents (): void {
+    if (this.busy) {
+      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.busy, this.info)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private checkAndEmitTaskQueuingEvents (): void {
+    if (this.hasBackPressure()) {
+      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.backPressure, this.info)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents (): void {
+    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
+      if (this.full) {
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Gets the worker information.
+   * Gets the worker information given its worker node key.
    *
    * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @returns The worker information.
    */
-  private getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
+  protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo | undefined {
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.info
   }
 
   /**
-   * Pushes the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
+   * Adds the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
    *
    * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The worker nodes length.
+   * @returns The added worker node key.
+   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
    */
-  private pushWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
-    return this.workerNodes.push(new WorkerNode(worker, this.worker))
+  private addWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
+    const workerNode = new WorkerNode<Worker, Data>(
+      worker,
+      this.worker,
+      this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size ?? Math.pow(this.maxSize, 2)
+    )
+    // Flag the worker node as ready at pool startup.
+    if (this.starting) {
+      workerNode.info.ready = true
+    }
+    this.workerNodes.push(workerNode)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+    if (workerNodeKey === -1) {
+      throw new Error('Worker node added not found')
+    }
+    return workerNodeKey
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1105,20 +1451,46 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @param worker - The worker.
    */
   private removeWorkerNode (worker: Worker): void {
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
     if (workerNodeKey !== -1) {
       this.workerNodes.splice(workerNodeKey, 1)
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.remove(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
+  /** @inheritDoc */
+  public hasWorkerNodeBackPressure (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
+    return (
+      this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].hasBackPressure()
+    )
+  }
+
+  private hasBackPressure (): boolean {
+    return (
+      this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
+      this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+        (workerNode) => !workerNode.hasBackPressure()
+      ) === -1
+    )
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes the given task on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param task - The task to execute.
+   */
   private executeTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): void {
     this.beforeTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, task)
-    this.sendToWorker(this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].worker, task)
+    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, task, task.transferList)
+    this.checkAndEmitTaskExecutionEvents()
   }
 
   private enqueueTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): number {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].enqueueTask(task)
+    const tasksQueueSize = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].enqueueTask(task)
+    this.checkAndEmitTaskQueuingEvents()
+    return tasksQueueSize
   }
 
   private dequeueTask (workerNodeKey: number): Task<Data> | undefined {
@@ -1129,7 +1501,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueueSize()
   }
 
-  private flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+  protected flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
       this.executeTask(
         workerNodeKey,
@@ -1144,17 +1516,4 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
-
-  private setWorkerStatistics (worker: Worker): void {
-    this.sendToWorker(worker, {
-      statistics: {
-        runTime:
-          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-            .runTime.aggregate,
-        elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .elu.aggregate
-      },
-      workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)).id as number
-    })
-  }
 }