perf: optimize tasks stealing in corner case
[poolifier.git] / src / pools / abstract-pool.ts
index fb1bf8458ad7a970f27ae7a4dcbb300faf5bf848..7ea9379665050a982259a4181c934a7eecc81adb 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
-import { type TransferListItem } from 'node:worker_threads'
+import type { TransferListItem } from 'node:worker_threads'
+import { EventEmitterAsyncResource } from 'node:events'
 import type {
   MessageValue,
   PromiseResponseWrapper,
@@ -12,18 +12,19 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
   EMPTY_FUNCTION,
   average,
+  exponentialDelay,
   isKillBehavior,
   isPlainObject,
   max,
   median,
   min,
   round,
-  updateMeasurementStatistics
+  sleep
 } from '../utils'
 import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options'
+import type { TaskFunction } from '../worker/task-functions'
 import {
   type IPool,
-  PoolEmitter,
   PoolEvents,
   type PoolInfo,
   type PoolOptions,
@@ -34,7 +35,9 @@ import {
 import type {
   IWorker,
   IWorkerNode,
+  TaskStatistics,
   WorkerInfo,
+  WorkerNodeEventDetail,
   WorkerType,
   WorkerUsage
 } from './worker'
@@ -48,6 +51,12 @@ import {
 import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context'
 import { version } from './version'
 import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node'
+import {
+  checkFilePath,
+  checkValidTasksQueueOptions,
+  checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy,
+  updateMeasurementStatistics
+} from './utils'
 
 /**
  * Base class that implements some shared logic for all poolifier pools.
@@ -65,11 +74,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   public readonly workerNodes: Array<IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>> = []
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
-  public readonly emitter?: PoolEmitter
+  public emitter?: EventEmitterAsyncResource
 
   /**
-   * The task execution response promise map.
-   *
+   * Dynamic pool maximum size property placeholder.
+   */
+  protected readonly max?: number
+
+  /**
+   * The task execution response promise map:
    * - `key`: The message id of each submitted task.
    * - `value`: An object that contains the worker, the execution response promise resolve and reject callbacks.
    *
@@ -88,9 +101,11 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   >
 
   /**
-   * Dynamic pool maximum size property placeholder.
+   * The task functions added at runtime map:
+   * - `key`: The task function name.
+   * - `value`: The task function itself.
    */
-  protected readonly max?: number
+  private readonly taskFunctions: Map<string, TaskFunction<Data, Response>>
 
   /**
    * Whether the pool is started or not.
@@ -100,6 +115,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * Whether the pool is starting or not.
    */
   private starting: boolean
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool is destroying or not.
+   */
+  private destroying: boolean
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool ready event has been emitted or not.
+   */
+  private readyEventEmitted: boolean
   /**
    * The start timestamp of the pool.
    */
@@ -122,8 +145,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         'Cannot start a pool from a worker with the same type as the pool'
       )
     }
+    checkFilePath(this.filePath)
     this.checkNumberOfWorkers(this.numberOfWorkers)
-    this.checkFilePath(this.filePath)
     this.checkPoolOptions(this.opts)
 
     this.chooseWorkerNode = this.chooseWorkerNode.bind(this)
@@ -131,7 +154,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.enqueueTask = this.enqueueTask.bind(this)
 
     if (this.opts.enableEvents === true) {
-      this.emitter = new PoolEmitter()
+      this.initializeEventEmitter()
     }
     this.workerChoiceStrategyContext = new WorkerChoiceStrategyContext<
     Worker,
@@ -145,8 +168,12 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
     this.setupHook()
 
+    this.taskFunctions = new Map<string, TaskFunction<Data, Response>>()
+
     this.started = false
     this.starting = false
+    this.destroying = false
+    this.readyEventEmitted = false
     if (this.opts.startWorkers === true) {
       this.start()
     }
@@ -154,19 +181,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.startTimestamp = performance.now()
   }
 
-  private checkFilePath (filePath: string): void {
-    if (
-      filePath == null ||
-      typeof filePath !== 'string' ||
-      (typeof filePath === 'string' && filePath.trim().length === 0)
-    ) {
-      throw new Error('Please specify a file with a worker implementation')
-    }
-    if (!existsSync(filePath)) {
-      throw new Error(`Cannot find the worker file '${filePath}'`)
-    }
-  }
-
   private checkNumberOfWorkers (numberOfWorkers: number): void {
     if (numberOfWorkers == null) {
       throw new Error(
@@ -185,52 +199,26 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  protected checkDynamicPoolSize (min: number, max: number): void {
-    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
-      if (max == null) {
-        throw new TypeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool without specifying the maximum pool size'
-        )
-      } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(max)) {
-        throw new TypeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a non safe integer maximum pool size'
-        )
-      } else if (min > max) {
-        throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size inferior to the minimum pool size'
-        )
-      } else if (max === 0) {
-        throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size equal to zero'
-        )
-      } else if (min === max) {
-        throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a minimum pool size equal to the maximum pool size. Use a fixed pool instead'
-        )
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   private checkPoolOptions (opts: PoolOptions<Worker>): void {
     if (isPlainObject(opts)) {
       this.opts.startWorkers = opts.startWorkers ?? true
+      checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(
+        opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy
+      )
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy =
         opts.workerChoiceStrategy ?? WorkerChoiceStrategies.ROUND_ROBIN
-      this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy)
+      this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(
+        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions as WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
+      )
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
         ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
         ...opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
       }
-      this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(
-        this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
-      )
       this.opts.restartWorkerOnError = opts.restartWorkerOnError ?? true
       this.opts.enableEvents = opts.enableEvents ?? true
       this.opts.enableTasksQueue = opts.enableTasksQueue ?? false
       if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue) {
-        this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(
-          opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
-        )
+        checkValidTasksQueueOptions(opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
         this.opts.tasksQueueOptions = this.buildTasksQueueOptions(
           opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
         )
@@ -240,26 +228,19 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy (
-    workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy
-  ): void {
-    if (!Object.values(WorkerChoiceStrategies).includes(workerChoiceStrategy)) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Invalid worker choice strategy '${workerChoiceStrategy}'`
-      )
-    }
-  }
-
   private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions (
     workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
   ): void {
-    if (!isPlainObject(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)) {
+    if (
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null &&
+      !isPlainObject(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
+    ) {
       throw new TypeError(
         'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must be a plain object'
       )
     }
     if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries != null &&
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.retries != null &&
       !Number.isSafeInteger(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries)
     ) {
       throw new TypeError(
@@ -267,7 +248,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       )
     }
     if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries != null &&
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.retries != null &&
       workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries < 0
     ) {
       throw new RangeError(
@@ -275,7 +256,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       )
     }
     if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights != null &&
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.weights != null &&
       Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !== this.maxSize
     ) {
       throw new Error(
@@ -283,7 +264,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       )
     }
     if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.measurement != null &&
+      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.measurement != null &&
       !Object.values(Measurements).includes(
         workerChoiceStrategyOptions.measurement
       )
@@ -294,41 +275,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkValidTasksQueueOptions (
-    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
-  ): void {
-    if (tasksQueueOptions != null && !isPlainObject(tasksQueueOptions)) {
-      throw new TypeError('Invalid tasks queue options: must be a plain object')
-    }
-    if (
-      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency)
-    ) {
-      throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker node tasks concurrency: must be an integer'
-      )
-    }
-    if (
-      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
-      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency <= 0
-    ) {
-      throw new RangeError(
-        `Invalid worker node tasks concurrency: ${tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency} is a negative integer or zero`
-      )
-    }
-    if (
-      tasksQueueOptions?.size != null &&
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions?.size)
-    ) {
-      throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker node tasks queue size: must be an integer'
-      )
-    }
-    if (tasksQueueOptions?.size != null && tasksQueueOptions?.size <= 0) {
-      throw new RangeError(
-        `Invalid worker node tasks queue size: ${tasksQueueOptions?.size} is a negative integer or zero`
-      )
-    }
+  private initializeEventEmitter (): void {
+    this.emitter = new EventEmitterAsyncResource({
+      name: `poolifier:${this.type}-${this.worker}-pool`
+    })
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
@@ -555,13 +505,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @param message - The received message.
    * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the worker id is invalid.
    */
-  private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
+  private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Data | Response>): void {
     if (message.workerId == null) {
       throw new Error('Worker message received without worker id')
-    } else if (
-      message.workerId != null &&
-      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1
-    ) {
+    } else if (this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1) {
       throw new Error(
         `Worker message received from unknown worker '${message.workerId}'`
       )
@@ -586,7 +533,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @param workerId - The worker id.
    * @returns The worker node key if the worker id is found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
    */
-  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId (workerId: number): number {
+  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId (workerId: number | undefined): number {
     return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
       workerNode => workerNode.info.id === workerId
     )
@@ -597,7 +544,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy,
     workerChoiceStrategyOptions?: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
   ): void {
-    this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(workerChoiceStrategy)
+    checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(workerChoiceStrategy)
     this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy = workerChoiceStrategy
     this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setWorkerChoiceStrategy(
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy
@@ -631,6 +578,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     tasksQueueOptions?: TasksQueueOptions
   ): void {
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && !enable) {
+      this.unsetTaskStealing()
+      this.unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
       this.flushTasksQueues()
     }
     this.opts.enableTasksQueue = enable
@@ -640,21 +589,27 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public setTasksQueueOptions (tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions): void {
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
-      this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
+      checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
       this.opts.tasksQueueOptions =
         this.buildTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
       this.setTasksQueueSize(this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.size as number)
+      if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.taskStealing === true) {
+        this.unsetTaskStealing()
+        this.setTaskStealing()
+      } else {
+        this.unsetTaskStealing()
+      }
+      if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.tasksStealingOnBackPressure === true) {
+        this.unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
+        this.setTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
+      } else {
+        this.unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
+      }
     } else if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions != null) {
       delete this.opts.tasksQueueOptions
     }
   }
 
-  private setTasksQueueSize (size: number): void {
-    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
-      workerNode.tasksQueueBackPressureSize = size
-    }
-  }
-
   private buildTasksQueueOptions (
     tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
   ): TasksQueueOptions {
@@ -669,6 +624,48 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
+  private setTasksQueueSize (size: number): void {
+    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
+      workerNode.tasksQueueBackPressureSize = size
+    }
+  }
+
+  private setTaskStealing (): void {
+    for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+        'idleWorkerNode',
+        this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  private unsetTaskStealing (): void {
+    for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].off(
+        'idleWorkerNode',
+        this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  private setTasksStealingOnBackPressure (): void {
+    for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+        'backPressure',
+        this.handleBackPressureEvent
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  private unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure (): void {
+    for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].off(
+        'backPressure',
+        this.handleBackPressureEvent
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * Whether the pool is full or not.
    *
@@ -700,29 +697,190 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
         ) === -1
       )
-    } else {
-      return (
-        this.workerNodes.findIndex(
-          workerNode =>
-            workerNode.info.ready && workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
-        ) === -1
+    }
+    return (
+      this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+        workerNode =>
+          workerNode.info.ready && workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
+      ) === -1
+    )
+  }
+
+  private async sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorker (
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    message: MessageValue<Data>
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    return await new Promise<boolean>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const taskFunctionOperationListener = (
+        message: MessageValue<Response>
+      ): void => {
+        this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+        const workerId = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number
+        if (
+          message.taskFunctionOperationStatus != null &&
+          message.workerId === workerId
+        ) {
+          if (message.taskFunctionOperationStatus) {
+            resolve(true)
+          } else if (!message.taskFunctionOperationStatus) {
+            reject(
+              new Error(
+                `Task function operation '${
+                  message.taskFunctionOperation as string
+                }' failed on worker ${message.workerId} with error: '${
+                  message.workerError?.message as string
+                }'`
+              )
+            )
+          }
+          this.deregisterWorkerMessageListener(
+            this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId),
+            taskFunctionOperationListener
+          )
+        }
+      }
+      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(
+        workerNodeKey,
+        taskFunctionOperationListener
+      )
+      this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, message)
+    })
+  }
+
+  private async sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorkers (
+    message: MessageValue<Data>
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    return await new Promise<boolean>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const responsesReceived = new Array<MessageValue<Response>>()
+      const taskFunctionOperationsListener = (
+        message: MessageValue<Response>
+      ): void => {
+        this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+        if (message.taskFunctionOperationStatus != null) {
+          responsesReceived.push(message)
+          if (responsesReceived.length === this.workerNodes.length) {
+            if (
+              responsesReceived.every(
+                message => message.taskFunctionOperationStatus === true
+              )
+            ) {
+              resolve(true)
+            } else if (
+              responsesReceived.some(
+                message => message.taskFunctionOperationStatus === false
+              )
+            ) {
+              const errorResponse = responsesReceived.find(
+                response => response.taskFunctionOperationStatus === false
+              )
+              reject(
+                new Error(
+                  `Task function operation '${
+                    message.taskFunctionOperation as string
+                  }' failed on worker ${
+                    errorResponse?.workerId as number
+                  } with error: '${
+                    errorResponse?.workerError?.message as string
+                  }'`
+                )
+              )
+            }
+            this.deregisterWorkerMessageListener(
+              this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId),
+              taskFunctionOperationsListener
+            )
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+        this.registerWorkerMessageListener(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          taskFunctionOperationsListener
+        )
+        this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, message)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  /** @inheritDoc */
+  public hasTaskFunction (name: string): boolean {
+    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
+      if (
+        Array.isArray(workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames) &&
+        workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames.includes(name)
+      ) {
+        return true
+      }
+    }
+    return false
+  }
+
+  /** @inheritDoc */
+  public async addTaskFunction (
+    name: string,
+    fn: TaskFunction<Data, Response>
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    if (typeof name !== 'string') {
+      throw new TypeError('name argument must be a string')
+    }
+    if (typeof name === 'string' && name.trim().length === 0) {
+      throw new TypeError('name argument must not be an empty string')
+    }
+    if (typeof fn !== 'function') {
+      throw new TypeError('fn argument must be a function')
+    }
+    const opResult = await this.sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorkers({
+      taskFunctionOperation: 'add',
+      taskFunctionName: name,
+      taskFunction: fn.toString()
+    })
+    this.taskFunctions.set(name, fn)
+    return opResult
+  }
+
+  /** @inheritDoc */
+  public async removeTaskFunction (name: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    if (!this.taskFunctions.has(name)) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Cannot remove a task function not handled on the pool side'
       )
     }
+    const opResult = await this.sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorkers({
+      taskFunctionOperation: 'remove',
+      taskFunctionName: name
+    })
+    this.deleteTaskFunctionWorkerUsages(name)
+    this.taskFunctions.delete(name)
+    return opResult
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
-  public listTaskFunctions (): string[] {
+  public listTaskFunctionNames (): string[] {
     for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
       if (
-        Array.isArray(workerNode.info.taskFunctions) &&
-        workerNode.info.taskFunctions.length > 0
+        Array.isArray(workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames) &&
+        workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames.length > 0
       ) {
-        return workerNode.info.taskFunctions
+        return workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames
       }
     }
     return []
   }
 
+  /** @inheritDoc */
+  public async setDefaultTaskFunction (name: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    return await this.sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorkers({
+      taskFunctionOperation: 'default',
+      taskFunctionName: name
+    })
+  }
+
+  private deleteTaskFunctionWorkerUsages (name: string): void {
+    for (const workerNode of this.workerNodes) {
+      workerNode.deleteTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(name)
+    }
+  }
+
   private shallExecuteTask (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
     return (
       this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
@@ -742,6 +900,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         reject(new Error('Cannot execute a task on not started pool'))
         return
       }
+      if (this.destroying) {
+        reject(new Error('Cannot execute a task on destroying pool'))
+        return
+      }
       if (name != null && typeof name !== 'string') {
         reject(new TypeError('name argument must be a string'))
         return
@@ -766,7 +928,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         data: data ?? ({} as Data),
         transferList,
         timestamp,
-        workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number,
         taskId: randomUUID()
       }
       this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId as string, {
@@ -788,6 +949,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   /** @inheritdoc */
   public start (): void {
+    if (this.started) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot start an already started pool')
+    }
+    if (this.starting) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot start an already starting pool')
+    }
+    if (this.destroying) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot start a destroying pool')
+    }
     this.starting = true
     while (
       this.workerNodes.reduce(
@@ -804,28 +974,50 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public async destroy (): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.started) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot destroy an already destroyed pool')
+    }
+    if (this.starting) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot destroy an starting pool')
+    }
+    if (this.destroying) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot destroy an already destroying pool')
+    }
+    this.destroying = true
     await Promise.all(
-      this.workerNodes.map(async (_, workerNodeKey) => {
+      this.workerNodes.map(async (_workerNode, workerNodeKey) => {
         await this.destroyWorkerNode(workerNodeKey)
       })
     )
     this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.destroy, this.info)
+    this.emitter?.emitDestroy()
+    this.emitter?.removeAllListeners()
+    this.readyEventEmitted = false
+    this.destroying = false
     this.started = false
   }
 
   protected async sendKillMessageToWorker (
-    workerNodeKey: number,
-    workerId: number
+    workerNodeKey: number
   ): Promise<void> {
     await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
+      const killMessageListener = (message: MessageValue<Response>): void => {
+        this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
         if (message.kill === 'success') {
           resolve()
         } else if (message.kill === 'failure') {
-          reject(new Error(`Worker ${workerId} kill message handling failed`))
+          reject(
+            new Error(
+              `Kill message handling failed on worker ${
+                message.workerId as number
+              }`
+            )
+          )
         }
-      })
-      this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, { kill: true, workerId })
+      }
+      // FIXME: should be registered only once
+      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, killMessageListener)
+      this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, { kill: true })
     })
   }
 
@@ -925,8 +1117,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
     return (
       workerInfo != null &&
-      Array.isArray(workerInfo.taskFunctions) &&
-      workerInfo.taskFunctions.length > 2
+      Array.isArray(workerInfo.taskFunctionNames) &&
+      workerInfo.taskFunctionNames.length > 2
     )
   }
 
@@ -941,7 +1133,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     ) {
       --workerTaskStatistics.executing
     }
-    if (message.taskError == null) {
+    if (message.workerError == null) {
       ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
     } else {
       ++workerTaskStatistics.failed
@@ -952,7 +1144,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    if (message.taskError != null) {
+    if (message.workerError != null) {
       return
     }
     updateMeasurementStatistics(
@@ -979,7 +1171,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    if (message.taskError != null) {
+    if (message.workerError != null) {
       return
     }
     const eluTaskStatisticsRequirements: MeasurementStatisticsRequirements =
@@ -1069,14 +1261,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     worker.on('error', this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.on('error', error => {
       const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+      this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(workerNodeKey)
       const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
-      workerInfo.ready = false
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
       this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
       if (
-        this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true &&
         this.started &&
-        !this.starting
+        !this.starting &&
+        !this.destroying &&
+        this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true
       ) {
         if (workerInfo.dynamic) {
           this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
@@ -1084,7 +1277,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
         }
       }
-      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+      if (this.started && this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
         this.redistributeQueuedTasks(workerNodeKey)
       }
     })
@@ -1108,6 +1301,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   protected createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode (): number {
     const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
     this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
+      this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
       const localWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(
         message.workerId
       )
@@ -1122,6 +1316,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
               this.tasksQueueSize(localWorkerNodeKey) === 0)))
       ) {
+        // Flag the worker node as not ready immediately
+        this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(localWorkerNodeKey)
         this.destroyWorkerNode(localWorkerNodeKey).catch(error => {
           this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
         })
@@ -1129,9 +1325,19 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     })
     const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
     this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
-      checkActive: true,
-      workerId: workerInfo.id as number
+      checkActive: true
     })
+    if (this.taskFunctions.size > 0) {
+      for (const [taskFunctionName, taskFunction] of this.taskFunctions) {
+        this.sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
+          taskFunctionOperation: 'add',
+          taskFunctionName,
+          taskFunction: taskFunction.toString()
+        }).catch(error => {
+          this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+        })
+      }
+    }
     workerInfo.dynamic = true
     if (
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerReady ||
@@ -1156,6 +1362,32 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
   ): void
 
+  /**
+   * Registers once a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
+   */
+  protected abstract registerOnceWorkerMessageListener<
+    Message extends Data | Response
+  >(
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
+  ): void
+
+  /**
+   * Deregisters a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
+   */
+  protected abstract deregisterWorkerMessageListener<
+    Message extends Data | Response
+  >(
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
+  ): void
+
   /**
    * Method hooked up after a worker node has been newly created.
    * Can be overridden.
@@ -1164,19 +1396,26 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    */
   protected afterWorkerNodeSetup (workerNodeKey: number): void {
     // Listen to worker messages.
-    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, this.workerListener())
+    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(
+      workerNodeKey,
+      this.workerMessageListener
+    )
     // Send the startup message to worker.
     this.sendStartupMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
     // Send the statistics message to worker.
     this.sendStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.taskStealing === true) {
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onEmptyQueue =
-          this.taskStealingOnEmptyQueue.bind(this)
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+          'idleWorkerNode',
+          this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent
+        )
       }
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.tasksStealingOnBackPressure === true) {
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onBackPressure =
-          this.tasksStealingOnBackPressure.bind(this)
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+          'backPressure',
+          this.handleBackPressureEvent
+        )
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1201,12 +1440,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
             .runTime.aggregate,
         elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
           .elu.aggregate
-      },
-      workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number
+      }
     })
   }
 
   private redistributeQueuedTasks (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    if (this.workerNodes.length <= 1) {
+      return
+    }
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
       const destinationWorkerNodeKey = this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (minWorkerNodeKey, workerNode, workerNodeKey, workerNodes) => {
@@ -1218,11 +1459,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         },
         0
       )
-      const destinationWorkerNode = this.workerNodes[destinationWorkerNodeKey]
-      const task = {
-        ...(this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>),
-        workerId: destinationWorkerNode.info.id as number
-      }
+      const task = this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
       if (this.shallExecuteTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey)) {
         this.executeTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
       } else {
@@ -1250,9 +1487,123 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private taskStealingOnEmptyQueue (workerId: number): void {
-    const destinationWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
-    const destinationWorkerNode = this.workerNodes[destinationWorkerNodeKey]
+  private updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
+      ++workerNode.usage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen
+    }
+  }
+
+  private updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    taskName: string
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+        taskName
+      ) as WorkerUsage
+      ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen
+    }
+  }
+
+  private resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
+      workerNode.usage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  private resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    taskName: string
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+        taskName
+      ) as WorkerUsage
+      taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  private readonly handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent = (
+    eventDetail: WorkerNodeEventDetail,
+    previousStolenTask?: Task<Data>
+  ): void => {
+    if (this.workerNodes.length <= 1) {
+      return
+    }
+    const { workerNodeKey } = eventDetail
+    if (workerNodeKey == null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'WorkerNode event detail workerNodeKey attribute must be defined'
+      )
+    }
+    const workerNodeTasksUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks
+    if (
+      previousStolenTask != null &&
+      workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen > 0 &&
+      (workerNodeTasksUsage.executing > 0 ||
+        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0)
+    ) {
+      for (const taskName of this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
+        .taskFunctionNames as string[]) {
+        this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          taskName
+        )
+      }
+      this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
+      return
+    }
+    const stolenTask = this.workerNodeStealTask(workerNodeKey)
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      stolenTask != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
+        workerNodeKey
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(stolenTask.name as string)
+        ?.tasks as TaskStatistics
+      if (
+        taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage.sequentiallyStolen === 0 ||
+        (previousStolenTask != null &&
+          previousStolenTask.name === stolenTask.name &&
+          taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage.sequentiallyStolen > 0)
+      ) {
+        this.updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          stolenTask.name as string
+        )
+      } else {
+        this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          stolenTask.name as string
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    sleep(exponentialDelay(workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen))
+      .then(() => {
+        this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent(eventDetail, stolenTask)
+        return undefined
+      })
+      .catch(EMPTY_FUNCTION)
+  }
+
+  private readonly workerNodeStealTask = (
+    workerNodeKey: number
+  ): Task<Data> | undefined => {
     const workerNodes = this.workerNodes
       .slice()
       .sort(
@@ -1260,29 +1611,34 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           workerNodeB.usage.tasks.queued - workerNodeA.usage.tasks.queued
       )
     const sourceWorkerNode = workerNodes.find(
-      workerNode =>
-        workerNode.info.ready &&
-        workerNode.info.id !== workerId &&
-        workerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0
+      (sourceWorkerNode, sourceWorkerNodeKey) =>
+        sourceWorkerNode.info.ready &&
+        sourceWorkerNodeKey !== workerNodeKey &&
+        sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0
     )
     if (sourceWorkerNode != null) {
-      const task = {
-        ...(sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>),
-        workerId: destinationWorkerNode.info.id as number
-      }
-      if (this.shallExecuteTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey)) {
-        this.executeTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
+      const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>
+      if (this.shallExecuteTask(workerNodeKey)) {
+        this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
       } else {
-        this.enqueueTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
+        this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
       }
+      this.updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
       this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(
-        destinationWorkerNodeKey,
+        workerNodeKey,
         task.name as string
       )
+      return task
     }
   }
 
-  private tasksStealingOnBackPressure (workerId: number): void {
+  private readonly handleBackPressureEvent = (
+    eventDetail: WorkerNodeEventDetail
+  ): void => {
+    if (this.workerNodes.length <= 1) {
+      return
+    }
+    const { workerId } = eventDetail
     const sizeOffset = 1
     if ((this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) <= sizeOffset) {
       return
@@ -1303,10 +1659,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         workerNode.usage.tasks.queued <
           (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) - sizeOffset
       ) {
-        const task = {
-          ...(sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>),
-          workerId: workerNode.info.id as number
-        }
+        const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>
         if (this.shallExecuteTask(workerNodeKey)) {
           this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
         } else {
@@ -1321,66 +1674,79 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   /**
-   * This method is the listener registered for each worker message.
-   *
-   * @returns The listener function to execute when a message is received from a worker.
+   * This method is the message listener registered on each worker.
    */
-  protected workerListener (): (message: MessageValue<Response>) => void {
-    return message => {
-      this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
-      if (message.ready != null && message.taskFunctions != null) {
-        // Worker ready response received from worker
-        this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
-      } else if (message.taskId != null) {
-        // Task execution response received from worker
-        this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
-      } else if (message.taskFunctions != null) {
-        // Task functions message received from worker
-        this.getWorkerInfo(
-          this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
-        ).taskFunctions = message.taskFunctions
-      }
+  protected readonly workerMessageListener = (
+    message: MessageValue<Response>
+  ): void => {
+    this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+    const { workerId, ready, taskId, taskFunctionNames } = message
+    if (ready != null && taskFunctionNames != null) {
+      // Worker ready response received from worker
+      this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
+    } else if (taskId != null) {
+      // Task execution response received from worker
+      this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
+    } else if (taskFunctionNames != null) {
+      // Task function names message received from worker
+      this.getWorkerInfo(
+        this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
+      ).taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
     }
   }
 
   private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    if (message.ready === false) {
-      throw new Error(`Worker ${message.workerId} failed to initialize`)
+    const { workerId, ready, taskFunctionNames } = message
+    if (ready === false) {
+      throw new Error(`Worker ${workerId as number} failed to initialize`)
     }
     const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(
-      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
+      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
     )
-    workerInfo.ready = message.ready as boolean
-    workerInfo.taskFunctions = message.taskFunctions
-    if (this.emitter != null && this.ready) {
-      this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
+    workerInfo.ready = ready as boolean
+    workerInfo.taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
+    if (!this.readyEventEmitted && this.ready) {
+      this.readyEventEmitted = true
+      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
     }
   }
 
   private handleTaskExecutionResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    const { taskId, taskError, data } = message
+    const { workerId, taskId, workerError, data } = message
     const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(taskId as string)
     if (promiseResponse != null) {
-      if (taskError != null) {
-        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, taskError)
-        promiseResponse.reject(taskError.message)
+      const { resolve, reject, workerNodeKey } = promiseResponse
+      if (workerError != null) {
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, workerError)
+        reject(workerError.message)
       } else {
-        promiseResponse.resolve(data as Response)
+        resolve(data as Response)
       }
-      const workerNodeKey = promiseResponse.workerNodeKey
       this.afterTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, message)
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.update(workerNodeKey)
       this.promiseResponseMap.delete(taskId as string)
-      if (
-        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
-          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
-      ) {
-        this.executeTask(
-          workerNodeKey,
-          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-        )
+      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+        const workerNodeTasksUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks
+        if (
+          this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
+          workerNodeTasksUsage.executing <
+            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        ) {
+          this.executeTask(
+            workerNodeKey,
+            this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
+          )
+        }
+        if (
+          workerNodeTasksUsage.executing === 0 &&
+          this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
+          workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen === 0
+        ) {
+          this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].emit('idleWorkerNode', {
+            workerId: workerId as number,
+            workerNodeKey
+          })
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1412,7 +1778,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @returns The worker information.
    */
   protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.info
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1452,6 +1818,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
+  protected flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).ready = false
+  }
+
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public hasWorkerNodeBackPressure (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
     return (