refactor: code cleanup
[poolifier.git] / src / pools / abstract-pool.ts
index 33585218249e599cd1998fdc19158e7ab4b22168..8e32218dfd521567663a27b09db1b2747d74b582 100644 (file)
@@ -1,54 +1,64 @@
 import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
-import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
-import { type TransferListItem } from 'node:worker_threads'
+import type { TransferListItem } from 'node:worker_threads'
+import { EventEmitterAsyncResource } from 'node:events'
+import { AsyncResource } from 'node:async_hooks'
 import type {
   MessageValue,
   PromiseResponseWrapper,
   Task
-} from '../utility-types'
+} from '../utility-types.js'
 import {
   DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
-  DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
   EMPTY_FUNCTION,
   average,
+  exponentialDelay,
   isKillBehavior,
   isPlainObject,
   max,
   median,
   min,
   round,
-  updateMeasurementStatistics
-} from '../utils'
-import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options'
-import type { TaskFunction } from '../worker/task-functions'
+  sleep
+} from '../utils.js'
+import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options.js'
+import type { TaskFunction } from '../worker/task-functions.js'
 import {
   type IPool,
-  PoolEmitter,
   PoolEvents,
   type PoolInfo,
   type PoolOptions,
   type PoolType,
   PoolTypes,
   type TasksQueueOptions
-} from './pool'
+} from './pool.js'
 import type {
   IWorker,
   IWorkerNode,
   WorkerInfo,
-  WorkerType,
-  WorkerUsage
-} from './worker'
+  WorkerNodeEventDetail,
+  WorkerType
+} from './worker.js'
 import {
-  type MeasurementStatisticsRequirements,
   Measurements,
   WorkerChoiceStrategies,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategy,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
-} from './selection-strategies/selection-strategies-types'
-import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context'
-import { version } from './version'
-import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node'
+} from './selection-strategies/selection-strategies-types.js'
+import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context.js'
+import { version } from './version.js'
+import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node.js'
+import {
+  checkFilePath,
+  checkValidTasksQueueOptions,
+  checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy,
+  getDefaultTasksQueueOptions,
+  updateEluWorkerUsage,
+  updateRunTimeWorkerUsage,
+  updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage,
+  updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage,
+  waitWorkerNodeEvents
+} from './utils.js'
 
 /**
  * Base class that implements some shared logic for all poolifier pools.
@@ -66,7 +76,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   public readonly workerNodes: Array<IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>> = []
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
-  public readonly emitter?: PoolEmitter
+  public emitter?: EventEmitterAsyncResource
 
   /**
    * The task execution response promise map:
@@ -87,11 +97,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   Response
   >
 
-  /**
-   * Dynamic pool maximum size property placeholder.
-   */
-  protected readonly max?: number
-
   /**
    * The task functions added at runtime map:
    * - `key`: The task function name.
@@ -107,6 +112,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * Whether the pool is starting or not.
    */
   private starting: boolean
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool is destroying or not.
+   */
+  private destroying: boolean
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool ready event has been emitted or not.
+   */
+  private readyEventEmitted: boolean
   /**
    * The start timestamp of the pool.
    */
@@ -115,22 +128,25 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   /**
    * Constructs a new poolifier pool.
    *
-   * @param numberOfWorkers - Number of workers that this pool should manage.
+   * @param minimumNumberOfWorkers - Minimum number of workers that this pool manages.
    * @param filePath - Path to the worker file.
    * @param opts - Options for the pool.
+   * @param maximumNumberOfWorkers - Maximum number of workers that this pool manages.
    */
   public constructor (
-    protected readonly numberOfWorkers: number,
+    protected readonly minimumNumberOfWorkers: number,
     protected readonly filePath: string,
-    protected readonly opts: PoolOptions<Worker>
+    protected readonly opts: PoolOptions<Worker>,
+    protected readonly maximumNumberOfWorkers?: number
   ) {
     if (!this.isMain()) {
       throw new Error(
         'Cannot start a pool from a worker with the same type as the pool'
       )
     }
-    this.checkNumberOfWorkers(this.numberOfWorkers)
-    this.checkFilePath(this.filePath)
+    this.checkPoolType()
+    checkFilePath(this.filePath)
+    this.checkMinimumNumberOfWorkers(this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
     this.checkPoolOptions(this.opts)
 
     this.chooseWorkerNode = this.chooseWorkerNode.bind(this)
@@ -138,7 +154,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.enqueueTask = this.enqueueTask.bind(this)
 
     if (this.opts.enableEvents === true) {
-      this.emitter = new PoolEmitter()
+      this.initializeEventEmitter()
     }
     this.workerChoiceStrategyContext = new WorkerChoiceStrategyContext<
     Worker,
@@ -156,6 +172,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
     this.started = false
     this.starting = false
+    this.destroying = false
+    this.readyEventEmitted = false
     if (this.opts.startWorkers === true) {
       this.start()
     }
@@ -163,87 +181,55 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.startTimestamp = performance.now()
   }
 
-  private checkFilePath (filePath: string): void {
-    if (
-      filePath == null ||
-      typeof filePath !== 'string' ||
-      (typeof filePath === 'string' && filePath.trim().length === 0)
-    ) {
-      throw new Error('Please specify a file with a worker implementation')
-    }
-    if (!existsSync(filePath)) {
-      throw new Error(`Cannot find the worker file '${filePath}'`)
+  private checkPoolType (): void {
+    if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && this.maximumNumberOfWorkers != null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with a maximum number of workers specified at initialization'
+      )
     }
   }
 
-  private checkNumberOfWorkers (numberOfWorkers: number): void {
-    if (numberOfWorkers == null) {
+  private checkMinimumNumberOfWorkers (minimumNumberOfWorkers: number): void {
+    if (minimumNumberOfWorkers == null) {
       throw new Error(
         'Cannot instantiate a pool without specifying the number of workers'
       )
-    } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(numberOfWorkers)) {
+    } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(minimumNumberOfWorkers)) {
       throw new TypeError(
         'Cannot instantiate a pool with a non safe integer number of workers'
       )
-    } else if (numberOfWorkers < 0) {
+    } else if (minimumNumberOfWorkers < 0) {
       throw new RangeError(
         'Cannot instantiate a pool with a negative number of workers'
       )
-    } else if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && numberOfWorkers === 0) {
+    } else if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && minimumNumberOfWorkers === 0) {
       throw new RangeError('Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with zero worker')
     }
   }
 
-  protected checkDynamicPoolSize (min: number, max: number): void {
-    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
-      if (max == null) {
-        throw new TypeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool without specifying the maximum pool size'
-        )
-      } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(max)) {
-        throw new TypeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a non safe integer maximum pool size'
-        )
-      } else if (min > max) {
-        throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size inferior to the minimum pool size'
-        )
-      } else if (max === 0) {
-        throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size equal to zero'
-        )
-      } else if (min === max) {
-        throw new RangeError(
-          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a minimum pool size equal to the maximum pool size. Use a fixed pool instead'
-        )
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   private checkPoolOptions (opts: PoolOptions<Worker>): void {
     if (isPlainObject(opts)) {
       this.opts.startWorkers = opts.startWorkers ?? true
-      this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(
-        opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy
-      )
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(opts.workerChoiceStrategy!)
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy =
         opts.workerChoiceStrategy ?? WorkerChoiceStrategies.ROUND_ROBIN
       this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(
-        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions as WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions!
       )
-      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
-        ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
-        ...opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+      if (opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
+        this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
       }
       this.opts.restartWorkerOnError = opts.restartWorkerOnError ?? true
       this.opts.enableEvents = opts.enableEvents ?? true
       this.opts.enableTasksQueue = opts.enableTasksQueue ?? false
       if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue) {
-        this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(
-          opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
-        )
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        checkValidTasksQueueOptions(opts.tasksQueueOptions!)
         this.opts.tasksQueueOptions = this.buildTasksQueueOptions(
-          opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          opts.tasksQueueOptions!
         )
       }
     } else {
@@ -251,19 +237,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy (
-    workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy
-  ): void {
-    if (
-      workerChoiceStrategy != null &&
-      !Object.values(WorkerChoiceStrategies).includes(workerChoiceStrategy)
-    ) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Invalid worker choice strategy '${workerChoiceStrategy}'`
-      )
-    }
-  }
-
   private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions (
     workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
   ): void {
@@ -275,25 +248,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must be a plain object'
       )
     }
-    if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.retries != null &&
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries)
-    ) {
-      throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker choice strategy options: retries must be an integer'
-      )
-    }
-    if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.retries != null &&
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries < 0
-    ) {
-      throw new RangeError(
-        `Invalid worker choice strategy options: retries '${workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries}' must be greater or equal than zero`
-      )
-    }
     if (
       workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.weights != null &&
-      Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !== this.maxSize
+      Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !==
+        (this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
     ) {
       throw new Error(
         'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must have a weight for each worker node'
@@ -311,41 +269,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkValidTasksQueueOptions (
-    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
-  ): void {
-    if (tasksQueueOptions != null && !isPlainObject(tasksQueueOptions)) {
-      throw new TypeError('Invalid tasks queue options: must be a plain object')
-    }
-    if (
-      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions.concurrency)
-    ) {
-      throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker node tasks concurrency: must be an integer'
-      )
-    }
-    if (
-      tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency != null &&
-      tasksQueueOptions.concurrency <= 0
-    ) {
-      throw new RangeError(
-        `Invalid worker node tasks concurrency: ${tasksQueueOptions.concurrency} is a negative integer or zero`
-      )
-    }
-    if (
-      tasksQueueOptions?.size != null &&
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(tasksQueueOptions.size)
-    ) {
-      throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker node tasks queue size: must be an integer'
-      )
-    }
-    if (tasksQueueOptions?.size != null && tasksQueueOptions.size <= 0) {
-      throw new RangeError(
-        `Invalid worker node tasks queue size: ${tasksQueueOptions.size} is a negative integer or zero`
-      )
-    }
+  private initializeEventEmitter (): void {
+    this.emitter = new EventEmitterAsyncResource({
+      name: `poolifier:${this.type}-${this.worker}-pool`
+    })
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
@@ -356,12 +283,13 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       worker: this.worker,
       started: this.started,
       ready: this.ready,
-      strategy: this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy,
-      minSize: this.minSize,
-      maxSize: this.maxSize,
-      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      strategy: this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy!,
+      minSize: this.minimumNumberOfWorkers,
+      maxSize: this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers,
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
         .runTime.aggregate &&
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
           .waitTime.aggregate && { utilization: round(this.utilization) }),
       workerNodes: this.workerNodes.length,
       idleWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
@@ -371,9 +299,16 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
             : accumulator,
         0
       ),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        stealingWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            workerNode.info.stealing ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
+          0
+        )
+      }),
       busyWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
-        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-          workerNode.usage.tasks.executing > 0 ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
+        (accumulator, _workerNode, workerNodeKey) =>
+          this.isWorkerNodeBusy(workerNodeKey) ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
         0
       ),
       executedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
@@ -415,7 +350,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.failed,
         0
       ),
-      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
         .runTime.aggregate && {
         runTime: {
           minimum: round(
@@ -432,7 +367,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               )
             )
           ),
-          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
             .runTime.average && {
             average: round(
               average(
@@ -444,7 +379,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               )
             )
           }),
-          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
             .runTime.median && {
             median: round(
               median(
@@ -458,7 +393,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           })
         }
       }),
-      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
         .waitTime.aggregate && {
         waitTime: {
           minimum: round(
@@ -475,7 +410,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               )
             )
           ),
-          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
             .waitTime.average && {
             average: round(
               average(
@@ -487,7 +422,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               )
             )
           }),
-          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
             .waitTime.median && {
             median: round(
               median(
@@ -515,7 +450,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
             ? accumulator + 1
             : accumulator,
         0
-      ) >= this.minSize
+      ) >= this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
     )
   }
 
@@ -526,7 +461,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    */
   private get utilization (): number {
     const poolTimeCapacity =
-      (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) * this.maxSize
+      (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) *
+      (this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
     const totalTasksRunTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
       (accumulator, workerNode) =>
         accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
@@ -552,51 +488,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    */
   protected abstract get worker (): WorkerType
 
-  /**
-   * The pool minimum size.
-   */
-  protected get minSize (): number {
-    return this.numberOfWorkers
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The pool maximum size.
-   */
-  protected get maxSize (): number {
-    return this.max ?? this.numberOfWorkers
-  }
-
   /**
    * Checks if the worker id sent in the received message from a worker is valid.
    *
    * @param message - The received message.
    * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the worker id is invalid.
    */
-  private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
+  private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Data | Response>): void {
     if (message.workerId == null) {
       throw new Error('Worker message received without worker id')
-    } else if (
-      message.workerId != null &&
-      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1
-    ) {
+    } else if (this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1) {
       throw new Error(
         `Worker message received from unknown worker '${message.workerId}'`
       )
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Gets the given worker its worker node key.
-   *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The worker node key if found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
-   */
-  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker (worker: Worker): number {
-    return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
-      workerNode => workerNode.worker === worker
-    )
-  }
-
   /**
    * Gets the worker node key given its worker id.
    *
@@ -614,7 +521,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy,
     workerChoiceStrategyOptions?: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
   ): void {
-    this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(workerChoiceStrategy)
+    checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(workerChoiceStrategy)
     this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy = workerChoiceStrategy
     this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setWorkerChoiceStrategy(
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy
@@ -633,9 +540,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
   ): void {
     this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
-    this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
-      ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
-      ...workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+    if (workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
+      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = workerChoiceStrategyOptions
     }
     this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setOptions(
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
@@ -653,22 +559,26 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.flushTasksQueues()
     }
     this.opts.enableTasksQueue = enable
-    this.setTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+    this.setTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions!)
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public setTasksQueueOptions (tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions): void {
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
-      this.checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
+      checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
       this.opts.tasksQueueOptions =
         this.buildTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
-      this.setTasksQueueSize(this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.size as number)
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.setTasksQueueSize(this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.size!)
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.taskStealing === true) {
+        this.unsetTaskStealing()
         this.setTaskStealing()
       } else {
         this.unsetTaskStealing()
       }
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.tasksStealingOnBackPressure === true) {
+        this.unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
         this.setTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
       } else {
         this.unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure()
@@ -682,12 +592,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
   ): TasksQueueOptions {
     return {
-      ...{
-        size: Math.pow(this.maxSize, 2),
-        concurrency: 1,
-        taskStealing: true,
-        tasksStealingOnBackPressure: true
-      },
+      ...getDefaultTasksQueueOptions(
+        this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
+      ),
       ...tasksQueueOptions
     }
   }
@@ -700,27 +607,34 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   private setTaskStealing (): void {
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onEmptyQueue =
-        this.taskStealingOnEmptyQueue.bind(this)
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on('idle', this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent)
     }
   }
 
   private unsetTaskStealing (): void {
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-      delete this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onEmptyQueue
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].off(
+        'idle',
+        this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent
+      )
     }
   }
 
   private setTasksStealingOnBackPressure (): void {
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onBackPressure =
-        this.tasksStealingOnBackPressure.bind(this)
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+        'backPressure',
+        this.handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent
+      )
     }
   }
 
   private unsetTasksStealingOnBackPressure (): void {
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-      delete this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onBackPressure
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].off(
+        'backPressure',
+        this.handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent
+      )
     }
   }
 
@@ -730,7 +644,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * The pool filling boolean status.
    */
   protected get full (): boolean {
-    return this.workerNodes.length >= this.maxSize
+    return (
+      this.workerNodes.length >=
+      (this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
+    )
   }
 
   /**
@@ -752,7 +669,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           workerNode =>
             workerNode.info.ready &&
             workerNode.usage.tasks.executing <
-              (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+              // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+              this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
         ) === -1
       )
     }
@@ -764,31 +682,57 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     )
   }
 
+  private isWorkerNodeBusy (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
+    if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+      return (
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing >=
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
+      )
+    }
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing > 0
+  }
+
   private async sendTaskFunctionOperationToWorker (
     workerNodeKey: number,
     message: MessageValue<Data>
   ): Promise<boolean> {
     return await new Promise<boolean>((resolve, reject) => {
-      const workerId = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number
-      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
+      const taskFunctionOperationListener = (
+        message: MessageValue<Response>
+      ): void => {
+        this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        const workerId = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id!
         if (
-          message.workerId === workerId &&
-          message.taskFunctionOperationStatus === true
+          message.taskFunctionOperationStatus != null &&
+          message.workerId === workerId
         ) {
-          resolve(true)
-        } else if (
-          message.workerId === workerId &&
-          message.taskFunctionOperationStatus === false
-        ) {
-          reject(
-            new Error(
-              `Task function operation ${
-                message.taskFunctionOperation as string
-              } failed on worker ${message.workerId}`
+          if (message.taskFunctionOperationStatus) {
+            resolve(true)
+          } else if (!message.taskFunctionOperationStatus) {
+            reject(
+              new Error(
+                `Task function operation '${
+                  message.taskFunctionOperation as string
+                  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+                }' failed on worker ${message.workerId} with error: '${
+                  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+                  message.workerError!.message
+                }'`
+              )
             )
+          }
+          this.deregisterWorkerMessageListener(
+            this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId),
+            taskFunctionOperationListener
           )
         }
-      })
+      }
+      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(
+        workerNodeKey,
+        taskFunctionOperationListener
+      )
       this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, message)
     })
   }
@@ -797,34 +741,53 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     message: MessageValue<Data>
   ): Promise<boolean> {
     return await new Promise<boolean>((resolve, reject) => {
-      const responsesReceived = new Array<MessageValue<Data | Response>>()
-      for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-        this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
-          if (message.taskFunctionOperationStatus != null) {
-            responsesReceived.push(message)
+      const responsesReceived = new Array<MessageValue<Response>>()
+      const taskFunctionOperationsListener = (
+        message: MessageValue<Response>
+      ): void => {
+        this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+        if (message.taskFunctionOperationStatus != null) {
+          responsesReceived.push(message)
+          if (responsesReceived.length === this.workerNodes.length) {
             if (
-              responsesReceived.length === this.workerNodes.length &&
               responsesReceived.every(
                 message => message.taskFunctionOperationStatus === true
               )
             ) {
               resolve(true)
             } else if (
-              responsesReceived.length === this.workerNodes.length &&
               responsesReceived.some(
                 message => message.taskFunctionOperationStatus === false
               )
             ) {
+              const errorResponse = responsesReceived.find(
+                response => response.taskFunctionOperationStatus === false
+              )
               reject(
                 new Error(
-                  `Task function operation ${
+                  `Task function operation '${
                     message.taskFunctionOperation as string
-                  } failed on worker ${message.workerId as number}`
+                    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+                  }' failed on worker ${errorResponse!
+                    .workerId!} with error: '${
+                    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+                    errorResponse!.workerError!.message
+                  }'`
                 )
               )
             }
+            this.deregisterWorkerMessageListener(
+              this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId),
+              taskFunctionOperationsListener
+            )
           }
-        })
+        }
+      }
+      for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+        this.registerWorkerMessageListener(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          taskFunctionOperationsListener
+        )
         this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, message)
       }
     })
@@ -913,7 +876,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     return (
       this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
-        (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
     )
   }
 
@@ -928,6 +892,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         reject(new Error('Cannot execute a task on not started pool'))
         return
       }
+      if (this.destroying) {
+        reject(new Error('Cannot execute a task on destroying pool'))
+        return
+      }
       if (name != null && typeof name !== 'string') {
         reject(new TypeError('name argument must be a string'))
         return
@@ -954,10 +922,17 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         timestamp,
         taskId: randomUUID()
       }
-      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId as string, {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId!, {
         resolve,
         reject,
-        workerNodeKey
+        workerNodeKey,
+        ...(this.emitter != null && {
+          asyncResource: new AsyncResource('poolifier:task', {
+            triggerAsyncId: this.emitter.asyncId,
+            requireManualDestroy: true
+          })
+        })
       })
       if (
         this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false ||
@@ -973,13 +948,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   /** @inheritdoc */
   public start (): void {
+    if (this.started) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot start an already started pool')
+    }
+    if (this.starting) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot start an already starting pool')
+    }
+    if (this.destroying) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot start a destroying pool')
+    }
     this.starting = true
     while (
       this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (accumulator, workerNode) =>
           !workerNode.info.dynamic ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
         0
-      ) < this.numberOfWorkers
+      ) < this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
     ) {
       this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
     }
@@ -989,32 +973,50 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public async destroy (): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.started) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot destroy an already destroyed pool')
+    }
+    if (this.starting) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot destroy an starting pool')
+    }
+    if (this.destroying) {
+      throw new Error('Cannot destroy an already destroying pool')
+    }
+    this.destroying = true
     await Promise.all(
-      this.workerNodes.map(async (_, workerNodeKey) => {
+      this.workerNodes.map(async (_workerNode, workerNodeKey) => {
         await this.destroyWorkerNode(workerNodeKey)
       })
     )
     this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.destroy, this.info)
+    this.emitter?.emitDestroy()
+    this.emitter?.removeAllListeners()
+    this.readyEventEmitted = false
+    this.destroying = false
     this.started = false
   }
 
-  protected async sendKillMessageToWorker (
-    workerNodeKey: number
-  ): Promise<void> {
+  private async sendKillMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void> {
     await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
+      if (this.workerNodes?.[workerNodeKey] == null) {
+        resolve()
+        return
+      }
+      const killMessageListener = (message: MessageValue<Response>): void => {
+        this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
         if (message.kill === 'success') {
           resolve()
         } else if (message.kill === 'failure') {
           reject(
             new Error(
-              `Worker ${
-                message.workerId as number
-              } kill message handling failed`
+              // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+              `Kill message handling failed on worker ${message.workerId!}`
             )
           )
         }
-      })
+      }
+      // FIXME: should be registered only once
+      this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, killMessageListener)
       this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, { kill: true })
     })
   }
@@ -1024,7 +1026,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    *
    * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    */
-  protected abstract destroyWorkerNode (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void>
+  protected async destroyWorkerNode (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void> {
+    this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(workerNodeKey)
+    const flushedTasks = this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    await waitWorkerNodeEvents(
+      workerNode,
+      'taskFinished',
+      flushedTasks,
+      this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.tasksFinishedTimeout ??
+        getDefaultTasksQueueOptions(
+          this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
+        ).tasksFinishedTimeout
+    )
+    await this.sendKillMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
+    await workerNode.terminate()
+  }
 
   /**
    * Setup hook to execute code before worker nodes are created in the abstract constructor.
@@ -1055,19 +1072,29 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.usage != null) {
       const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
       ++workerUsage.tasks.executing
-      this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, task)
+      updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        workerUsage,
+        task
+      )
     }
     if (
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        task.name as string
-      ) != null
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name!) !=
+        null
     ) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
         workerNodeKey
-      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name as string) as WorkerUsage
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name!)!
       ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.executing
-      this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, task)
+      updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        taskFunctionWorkerUsage,
+        task
+      )
     }
   }
 
@@ -1082,26 +1109,49 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerNodeKey: number,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
+    let needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate = false
     if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.usage != null) {
       const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
-      this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
-      this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
-      this.updateEluWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+      updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+      updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        workerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      updateEluWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        workerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate = true
     }
     if (
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        message.taskPerformance?.name as string
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        message.taskPerformance!.name
       ) != null
     ) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
         workerNodeKey
-      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        message.taskPerformance?.name as string
-      ) as WorkerUsage
-      this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
-      this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
-      this.updateEluWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(message.taskPerformance!.name)!
+      updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+      updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        taskFunctionWorkerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      updateEluWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        taskFunctionWorkerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate = true
+    }
+    if (needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate) {
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.update(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
@@ -1120,84 +1170,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     )
   }
 
-  private updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    message: MessageValue<Response>
-  ): void {
-    const workerTaskStatistics = workerUsage.tasks
-    if (
-      workerTaskStatistics.executing != null &&
-      workerTaskStatistics.executing > 0
-    ) {
-      --workerTaskStatistics.executing
-    }
-    if (message.workerError == null) {
-      ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
-    } else {
-      ++workerTaskStatistics.failed
-    }
-  }
-
-  private updateRunTimeWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    message: MessageValue<Response>
-  ): void {
-    if (message.workerError != null) {
-      return
-    }
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.runTime,
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime,
-      message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0
-    )
-  }
-
-  private updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    task: Task<Data>
-  ): void {
-    const timestamp = performance.now()
-    const taskWaitTime = timestamp - (task.timestamp ?? timestamp)
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.waitTime,
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime,
-      taskWaitTime
-    )
-  }
-
-  private updateEluWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    message: MessageValue<Response>
-  ): void {
-    if (message.workerError != null) {
-      return
-    }
-    const eluTaskStatisticsRequirements: MeasurementStatisticsRequirements =
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.elu.active,
-      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
-      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.active ?? 0
-    )
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.elu.idle,
-      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
-      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.idle ?? 0
-    )
-    if (eluTaskStatisticsRequirements.aggregate) {
-      if (message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
-        if (workerUsage.elu.utilization != null) {
-          workerUsage.elu.utilization =
-            (workerUsage.elu.utilization +
-              message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization) /
-            2
-        } else {
-          workerUsage.elu.utilization = message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   /**
    * Chooses a worker node for the next task.
    *
@@ -1222,9 +1194,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    *
    * @returns Whether to create a dynamic worker or not.
    */
-  private shallCreateDynamicWorker (): boolean {
-    return this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic && !this.full && this.internalBusy()
-  }
+  protected abstract shallCreateDynamicWorker (): boolean
 
   /**
    * Sends a message to worker given its worker node key.
@@ -1239,54 +1209,59 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     transferList?: TransferListItem[]
   ): void
 
-  /**
-   * Creates a new worker.
-   *
-   * @returns Newly created worker.
-   */
-  protected abstract createWorker (): Worker
-
   /**
    * Creates a new, completely set up worker node.
    *
    * @returns New, completely set up worker node key.
    */
   protected createAndSetupWorkerNode (): number {
-    const worker = this.createWorker()
-
-    worker.on('online', this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('message', this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('error', this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('error', error => {
-      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
-      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
-      workerInfo.ready = false
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
+    const workerNode = this.createWorkerNode()
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'online',
+      this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'message',
+      this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'error',
+      this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler('error', (error: Error) => {
+      workerNode.info.ready = false
       this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
       if (
         this.started &&
-        !this.starting &&
+        !this.destroying &&
         this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true
       ) {
-        if (workerInfo.dynamic) {
+        if (workerNode.info.dynamic) {
           this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
         } else {
           this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
         }
       }
-      if (this.started && this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
-        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(workerNodeKey)
+      if (
+        this.started &&
+        !this.destroying &&
+        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true
+      ) {
+        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(this.workerNodes.indexOf(workerNode))
       }
+      workerNode?.terminate().catch(error => {
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      })
     })
-    worker.on('exit', this.opts.exitHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.once('exit', () => {
-      this.removeWorkerNode(worker)
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'exit',
+      this.opts.exitHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerOnceWorkerEventHandler('exit', () => {
+      this.removeWorkerNode(workerNode)
     })
-
-    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(worker)
-
+    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(workerNode)
     this.afterWorkerNodeSetup(workerNodeKey)
-
     return workerNodeKey
   }
 
@@ -1298,6 +1273,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   protected createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode (): number {
     const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
     this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
+      this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
       const localWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(
         message.workerId
       )
@@ -1312,12 +1288,13 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
               workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
               this.tasksQueueSize(localWorkerNodeKey) === 0)))
       ) {
+        // Flag the worker node as not ready immediately
+        this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(localWorkerNodeKey)
         this.destroyWorkerNode(localWorkerNodeKey).catch(error => {
           this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
         })
       }
     })
-    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
     this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
       checkActive: true
     })
@@ -1332,12 +1309,13 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         })
       }
     }
-    workerInfo.dynamic = true
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    workerNode.info.dynamic = true
     if (
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerReady ||
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerUsage
     ) {
-      workerInfo.ready = true
+      workerNode.info.ready = true
     }
     this.checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents()
     return workerNodeKey
@@ -1356,6 +1334,32 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
   ): void
 
+  /**
+   * Registers once a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
+   */
+  protected abstract registerOnceWorkerMessageListener<
+    Message extends Data | Response
+  >(
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
+  ): void
+
+  /**
+   * Deregisters a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
+   */
+  protected abstract deregisterWorkerMessageListener<
+    Message extends Data | Response
+  >(
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
+  ): void
+
   /**
    * Method hooked up after a worker node has been newly created.
    * Can be overridden.
@@ -1364,19 +1368,26 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    */
   protected afterWorkerNodeSetup (workerNodeKey: number): void {
     // Listen to worker messages.
-    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, this.workerListener())
+    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(
+      workerNodeKey,
+      this.workerMessageListener
+    )
     // Send the startup message to worker.
     this.sendStartupMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
     // Send the statistics message to worker.
     this.sendStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.taskStealing === true) {
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onEmptyQueue =
-          this.taskStealingOnEmptyQueue.bind(this)
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+          'idle',
+          this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent
+        )
       }
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.tasksStealingOnBackPressure === true) {
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].onBackPressure =
-          this.tasksStealingOnBackPressure.bind(this)
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
+          'backPressure',
+          this.handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent
+        )
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1405,7 +1416,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     })
   }
 
+  private cannotStealTask (): boolean {
+    return this.workerNodes.length <= 1 || this.info.queuedTasks === 0
+  }
+
+  private handleTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): void {
+    if (this.shallExecuteTask(workerNodeKey)) {
+      this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+    } else {
+      this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+    }
+  }
+
   private redistributeQueuedTasks (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    if (workerNodeKey === -1 || this.cannotStealTask()) {
+      return
+    }
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
       const destinationWorkerNodeKey = this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (minWorkerNodeKey, workerNode, workerNodeKey, workerNodes) => {
@@ -1417,12 +1443,11 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         },
         0
       )
-      const task = this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-      if (this.shallExecuteTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey)) {
-        this.executeTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
-      } else {
-        this.enqueueTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
-      }
+      this.handleTask(
+        destinationWorkerNodeKey,
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey)!
+      )
     }
   }
 
@@ -1438,15 +1463,143 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
     ) {
-      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        taskName
-      ) as WorkerUsage
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName)!
       ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.stolen
     }
   }
 
-  private taskStealingOnEmptyQueue (workerId: number): void {
-    const destinationWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
+  private updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
+      ++workerNode.usage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen
+    }
+  }
+
+  private updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    taskName: string
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName)!
+      ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen
+    }
+  }
+
+  private resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
+      workerNode.usage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  private resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage (
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    taskName: string
+  ): void {
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
+    ) {
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName)!
+      taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  private readonly handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent = (
+    eventDetail: WorkerNodeEventDetail,
+    previousStolenTask?: Task<Data>
+  ): void => {
+    const { workerNodeKey } = eventDetail
+    if (workerNodeKey == null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'WorkerNode event detail workerNodeKey property must be defined'
+      )
+    }
+    if (
+      this.cannotStealTask() ||
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.info.stealingWorkerNodes! > Math.floor(this.workerNodes.length / 2)
+    ) {
+      if (previousStolenTask != null) {
+        this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).stealing = false
+      }
+      return
+    }
+    const workerNodeTasksUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks
+    if (
+      previousStolenTask != null &&
+      workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen > 0 &&
+      (workerNodeTasksUsage.executing > 0 ||
+        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0)
+    ) {
+      this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).stealing = false
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      for (const taskName of this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
+        .taskFunctionNames!) {
+        this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          taskName
+        )
+      }
+      this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
+      return
+    }
+    this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).stealing = true
+    const stolenTask = this.workerNodeStealTask(workerNodeKey)
+    if (
+      this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
+      stolenTask != null
+    ) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
+        workerNodeKey
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(stolenTask.name!)!.tasks
+      if (
+        taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage.sequentiallyStolen === 0 ||
+        (previousStolenTask != null &&
+          previousStolenTask.name === stolenTask.name &&
+          taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage.sequentiallyStolen > 0)
+      ) {
+        this.updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          stolenTask.name!
+        )
+      } else {
+        this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
+          workerNodeKey,
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          stolenTask.name!
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    sleep(exponentialDelay(workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen))
+      .then(() => {
+        this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent(eventDetail, stolenTask)
+        return undefined
+      })
+      .catch(EMPTY_FUNCTION)
+  }
+
+  private readonly workerNodeStealTask = (
+    workerNodeKey: number
+  ): Task<Data> | undefined => {
     const workerNodes = this.workerNodes
       .slice()
       .sort(
@@ -1454,28 +1607,37 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           workerNodeB.usage.tasks.queued - workerNodeA.usage.tasks.queued
       )
     const sourceWorkerNode = workerNodes.find(
-      workerNode =>
-        workerNode.info.ready &&
-        workerNode.info.id !== workerId &&
-        workerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0
+      (sourceWorkerNode, sourceWorkerNodeKey) =>
+        sourceWorkerNode.info.ready &&
+        !sourceWorkerNode.info.stealing &&
+        sourceWorkerNodeKey !== workerNodeKey &&
+        sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0
     )
     if (sourceWorkerNode != null) {
-      const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>
-      if (this.shallExecuteTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey)) {
-        this.executeTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
-      } else {
-        this.enqueueTask(destinationWorkerNodeKey, task)
-      }
-      this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(
-        destinationWorkerNodeKey,
-        task.name as string
-      )
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask()!
+      this.handleTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+      this.updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey, task.name!)
+      return task
     }
   }
 
-  private tasksStealingOnBackPressure (workerId: number): void {
+  private readonly handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent = (
+    eventDetail: WorkerNodeEventDetail
+  ): void => {
+    if (
+      this.cannotStealTask() ||
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.info.stealingWorkerNodes! > Math.floor(this.workerNodes.length / 2)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+    const { workerId } = eventDetail
     const sizeOffset = 1
-    if ((this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) <= sizeOffset) {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+    if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.size! <= sizeOffset) {
       return
     }
     const sourceWorkerNode =
@@ -1490,87 +1652,109 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       if (
         sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0 &&
         workerNode.info.ready &&
+        !workerNode.info.stealing &&
         workerNode.info.id !== workerId &&
         workerNode.usage.tasks.queued <
-          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) - sizeOffset
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.size! - sizeOffset
       ) {
-        const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>
-        if (this.shallExecuteTask(workerNodeKey)) {
-          this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
-        } else {
-          this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
-        }
-        this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(
-          workerNodeKey,
-          task.name as string
-        )
+        this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).stealing = true
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask()!
+        this.handleTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey, task.name!)
+        this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).stealing = false
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * This method is the listener registered for each worker message.
-   *
-   * @returns The listener function to execute when a message is received from a worker.
+   * This method is the message listener registered on each worker.
    */
-  protected workerListener (): (message: MessageValue<Response>) => void {
-    return message => {
-      this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
-      if (message.ready != null && message.taskFunctionNames != null) {
-        // Worker ready response received from worker
-        this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
-      } else if (message.taskId != null) {
-        // Task execution response received from worker
-        this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
-      } else if (message.taskFunctionNames != null) {
-        // Task function names message received from worker
-        this.getWorkerInfo(
-          this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
-        ).taskFunctionNames = message.taskFunctionNames
-      }
+  protected readonly workerMessageListener = (
+    message: MessageValue<Response>
+  ): void => {
+    this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+    const { workerId, ready, taskId, taskFunctionNames } = message
+    if (ready != null && taskFunctionNames != null) {
+      // Worker ready response received from worker
+      this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
+    } else if (taskId != null) {
+      // Task execution response received from worker
+      this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
+    } else if (taskFunctionNames != null) {
+      // Task function names message received from worker
+      this.getWorkerInfo(
+        this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
+      ).taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
     }
   }
 
   private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    if (message.ready === false) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Worker ${message.workerId as number} failed to initialize`
-      )
+    const { workerId, ready, taskFunctionNames } = message
+    if (ready == null || !ready) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      throw new Error(`Worker ${workerId!} failed to initialize`)
     }
-    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(
-      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
-    )
-    workerInfo.ready = message.ready as boolean
-    workerInfo.taskFunctionNames = message.taskFunctionNames
-    if (this.ready) {
+    const workerNode =
+      this.workerNodes[this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)]
+    workerNode.info.ready = ready
+    workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
+    if (!this.readyEventEmitted && this.ready) {
       this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
+      this.readyEventEmitted = true
     }
   }
 
   private handleTaskExecutionResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    const { taskId, workerError, data } = message
-    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(taskId as string)
+    const { workerId, taskId, workerError, data } = message
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(taskId!)
     if (promiseResponse != null) {
+      const { resolve, reject, workerNodeKey, asyncResource } = promiseResponse
+      const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
       if (workerError != null) {
         this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, workerError)
-        promiseResponse.reject(workerError.message)
+        asyncResource != null
+          ? asyncResource.runInAsyncScope(
+            reject,
+            this.emitter,
+            workerError.message
+          )
+          : reject(workerError.message)
       } else {
-        promiseResponse.resolve(data as Response)
+        asyncResource != null
+          ? asyncResource.runInAsyncScope(resolve, this.emitter, data)
+          : resolve(data as Response)
       }
-      const workerNodeKey = promiseResponse.workerNodeKey
+      asyncResource?.emitDestroy()
       this.afterTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, message)
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.update(workerNodeKey)
-      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(taskId as string)
-      if (
-        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
-          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
-      ) {
-        this.executeTask(
-          workerNodeKey,
-          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-        )
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(taskId!)
+      workerNode?.emit('taskFinished', taskId)
+      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && !this.destroying) {
+        const workerNodeTasksUsage = workerNode.usage.tasks
+        if (
+          this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
+          workerNodeTasksUsage.executing <
+            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+            this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
+        ) {
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey)!)
+        }
+        if (
+          workerNodeTasksUsage.executing === 0 &&
+          this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
+          workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen === 0
+        ) {
+          workerNode.emit('idle', {
+            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+            workerId: workerId!,
+            workerNodeKey
+          })
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1587,13 +1771,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents (): void {
-    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
-      if (this.full) {
-        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  /**
+   * Emits dynamic worker creation events.
+   */
+  protected abstract checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents (): void
 
   /**
    * Gets the worker information given its worker node key.
@@ -1602,27 +1783,45 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @returns The worker information.
    */
   protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.info
   }
 
   /**
-   * Adds the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
+   * Creates a worker node.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The added worker node key.
-   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
+   * @returns The created worker node.
    */
-  private addWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
+  private createWorkerNode (): IWorkerNode<Worker, Data> {
     const workerNode = new WorkerNode<Worker, Data>(
-      worker,
-      this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size ?? Math.pow(this.maxSize, 2)
+      this.worker,
+      this.filePath,
+      {
+        env: this.opts.env,
+        workerOptions: this.opts.workerOptions,
+        tasksQueueBackPressureSize:
+          this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size ??
+          getDefaultTasksQueueOptions(
+            this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
+          ).size
+      }
     )
     // Flag the worker node as ready at pool startup.
     if (this.starting) {
       workerNode.info.ready = true
     }
+    return workerNode
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds the given worker node in the pool worker nodes.
+   *
+   * @param workerNode - The worker node.
+   * @returns The added worker node key.
+   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
+   */
+  private addWorkerNode (workerNode: IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>): number {
     this.workerNodes.push(workerNode)
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.workerNodes.indexOf(workerNode)
     if (workerNodeKey === -1) {
       throw new Error('Worker added not found in worker nodes')
     }
@@ -1630,24 +1829,20 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   /**
-   * Removes the given worker from the pool worker nodes.
+   * Removes the worker node from the pool worker nodes.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
+   * @param workerNode - The worker node.
    */
-  private removeWorkerNode (worker: Worker): void {
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+  private removeWorkerNode (workerNode: IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>): void {
+    const workerNodeKey = this.workerNodes.indexOf(workerNode)
     if (workerNodeKey !== -1) {
       this.workerNodes.splice(workerNodeKey, 1)
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.remove(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
-  /** @inheritDoc */
-  public hasWorkerNodeBackPressure (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
-    return (
-      this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].hasBackPressure()
-    )
+  protected flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).ready = false
   }
 
   private hasBackPressure (): boolean {
@@ -1685,14 +1880,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueueSize()
   }
 
-  protected flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+  protected flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): number {
+    let flushedTasks = 0
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
-      this.executeTask(
-        workerNodeKey,
-        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-      )
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey)!)
+      ++flushedTasks
     }
     this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].clearTasksQueue()
+    return flushedTasks
   }
 
   private flushTasksQueues (): void {