fix: fix pool busyness semantic with task queueing enabled
[poolifier.git] / src / pools / abstract-pool.ts
index 232b0cc17e702e95c12bb0b083e351af3f624161..91cb5facd01f736d43703d4d0530ec7c01a3bf41 100644 (file)
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
-import crypto from 'node:crypto'
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
-import type { MessageValue, PromiseResponseWrapper } from '../utility-types'
+import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
+import type {
+  MessageValue,
+  PromiseResponseWrapper,
+  Task
+} from '../utility-types'
 import {
+  DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
   DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
   EMPTY_FUNCTION,
   isKillBehavior,
   isPlainObject,
   median,
-  round
+  round,
+  updateMeasurementStatistics
 } from '../utils'
 import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options'
-import { CircularArray } from '../circular-array'
-import { Queue } from '../queue'
 import {
   type IPool,
   PoolEmitter,
@@ -20,24 +25,25 @@ import {
   type PoolOptions,
   type PoolType,
   PoolTypes,
-  type TasksQueueOptions,
-  type WorkerType,
-  WorkerTypes
+  type TasksQueueOptions
 } from './pool'
 import type {
   IWorker,
-  MessageHandler,
-  Task,
-  WorkerNode,
+  IWorkerNode,
+  WorkerInfo,
+  WorkerType,
   WorkerUsage
 } from './worker'
 import {
+  type MeasurementStatisticsRequirements,
   Measurements,
   WorkerChoiceStrategies,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategy,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
 } from './selection-strategies/selection-strategies-types'
 import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context'
+import { version } from './version'
+import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node'
 
 /**
  * Base class that implements some shared logic for all poolifier pools.
@@ -52,23 +58,21 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   Response = unknown
 > implements IPool<Worker, Data, Response> {
   /** @inheritDoc */
-  public readonly workerNodes: Array<WorkerNode<Worker, Data>> = []
+  public readonly workerNodes: Array<IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>> = []
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public readonly emitter?: PoolEmitter
 
   /**
-   * The execution response promise map.
+   * The task execution response promise map.
    *
    * - `key`: The message id of each submitted task.
    * - `value`: An object that contains the worker, the execution response promise resolve and reject callbacks.
    *
    * When we receive a message from the worker, we get a map entry with the promise resolve/reject bound to the message id.
    */
-  protected promiseResponseMap: Map<
-  string,
-  PromiseResponseWrapper<Worker, Response>
-  > = new Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Worker, Response>>()
+  protected promiseResponseMap: Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Response>> =
+    new Map<string, PromiseResponseWrapper<Response>>()
 
   /**
    * Worker choice strategy context referencing a worker choice algorithm implementation.
@@ -79,6 +83,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   Response
   >
 
+  /**
+   * Whether the pool is starting or not.
+   */
+  private readonly starting: boolean
   /**
    * The start timestamp of the pool.
    */
@@ -106,6 +114,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.chooseWorkerNode = this.chooseWorkerNode.bind(this)
     this.executeTask = this.executeTask.bind(this)
     this.enqueueTask = this.enqueueTask.bind(this)
+    this.dequeueTask = this.dequeueTask.bind(this)
     this.checkAndEmitEvents = this.checkAndEmitEvents.bind(this)
 
     if (this.opts.enableEvents === true) {
@@ -123,9 +132,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
     this.setupHook()
 
-    while (this.workerNodes.length < this.numberOfWorkers) {
-      this.createAndSetupWorker()
-    }
+    this.starting = true
+    this.startPool()
+    this.starting = false
 
     this.startTimestamp = performance.now()
   }
@@ -133,10 +142,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   private checkFilePath (filePath: string): void {
     if (
       filePath == null ||
+      typeof filePath !== 'string' ||
       (typeof filePath === 'string' && filePath.trim().length === 0)
     ) {
       throw new Error('Please specify a file with a worker implementation')
     }
+    if (!existsSync(filePath)) {
+      throw new Error(`Cannot find the worker file '${filePath}'`)
+    }
   }
 
   private checkNumberOfWorkers (numberOfWorkers: number): void {
@@ -153,7 +166,33 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         'Cannot instantiate a pool with a negative number of workers'
       )
     } else if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && numberOfWorkers === 0) {
-      throw new Error('Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with no worker')
+      throw new RangeError('Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with zero worker')
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected checkDynamicPoolSize (min: number, max: number): void {
+    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
+      if (max == null) {
+        throw new Error(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool without specifying the maximum pool size'
+        )
+      } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(max)) {
+        throw new TypeError(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a non safe integer maximum pool size'
+        )
+      } else if (min > max) {
+        throw new RangeError(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size inferior to the minimum pool size'
+        )
+      } else if (max === 0) {
+        throw new RangeError(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a maximum pool size equal to zero'
+        )
+      } else if (min === max) {
+        throw new RangeError(
+          'Cannot instantiate a dynamic pool with a minimum pool size equal to the maximum pool size. Use a fixed pool instead'
+        )
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -246,11 +285,26 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
+  private startPool (): void {
+    while (
+      this.workerNodes.reduce(
+        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+          !workerNode.info.dynamic ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
+        0
+      ) < this.numberOfWorkers
+    ) {
+      this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
+    }
+  }
+
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public get info (): PoolInfo {
     return {
+      version,
       type: this.type,
       worker: this.worker,
+      ready: this.ready,
+      strategy: this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy,
       minSize: this.minSize,
       maxSize: this.maxSize,
       ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
@@ -280,84 +334,183 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.executing,
         0
       ),
-      queuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
-        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.queued,
-        0
-      ),
-      maxQueuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
-        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-          accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.maxQueued,
-        0
-      ),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        queuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.queued,
+          0
+        )
+      }),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        maxQueuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.maxQueued ?? 0),
+          0
+        )
+      }),
       failedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (accumulator, workerNode) =>
           accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.failed,
         0
-      )
+      ),
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+        .runTime.aggregate && {
+        runTime: {
+          minimum: round(
+            Math.min(
+              ...this.workerNodes.map(
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
+              )
+            )
+          ),
+          maximum: round(
+            Math.max(
+              ...this.workerNodes.map(
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
+              )
+            )
+          ),
+          average: round(
+            this.workerNodes.reduce(
+              (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
+              0
+            ) /
+              this.workerNodes.reduce(
+                (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                  accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.executed ?? 0),
+                0
+              )
+          ),
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .runTime.median && {
+            median: round(
+              median(
+                this.workerNodes.map(
+                  workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.median ?? 0
+                )
+              )
+            )
+          })
+        }
+      }),
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+        .waitTime.aggregate && {
+        waitTime: {
+          minimum: round(
+            Math.min(
+              ...this.workerNodes.map(
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
+              )
+            )
+          ),
+          maximum: round(
+            Math.max(
+              ...this.workerNodes.map(
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
+              )
+            )
+          ),
+          average: round(
+            this.workerNodes.reduce(
+              (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
+              0
+            ) /
+              this.workerNodes.reduce(
+                (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+                  accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.executed ?? 0),
+                0
+              )
+          ),
+          ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .waitTime.median && {
+            median: round(
+              median(
+                this.workerNodes.map(
+                  workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.median ?? 0
+                )
+              )
+            )
+          })
+        }
+      })
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Gets the pool run time.
-   *
-   * @returns The pool run time in milliseconds.
+   * The pool readiness boolean status.
    */
-  private get runTime (): number {
-    return performance.now() - this.startTimestamp
+  private get ready (): boolean {
+    return (
+      this.workerNodes.reduce(
+        (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+          !workerNode.info.dynamic && workerNode.info.ready
+            ? accumulator + 1
+            : accumulator,
+        0
+      ) >= this.minSize
+    )
   }
 
   /**
-   * Gets the approximate pool utilization.
+   * The approximate pool utilization.
    *
    * @returns The pool utilization.
    */
   private get utilization (): number {
-    const poolRunTimeCapacity = this.runTime * this.maxSize
+    const poolTimeCapacity =
+      (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) * this.maxSize
     const totalTasksRunTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
       (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-        accumulator + workerNode.usage.runTime.aggregate,
+        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
       0
     )
     const totalTasksWaitTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
       (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-        accumulator + workerNode.usage.waitTime.aggregate,
+        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
       0
     )
-    return (totalTasksRunTime + totalTasksWaitTime) / poolRunTimeCapacity
+    return (totalTasksRunTime + totalTasksWaitTime) / poolTimeCapacity
   }
 
   /**
-   * Pool type.
+   * The pool type.
    *
    * If it is `'dynamic'`, it provides the `max` property.
    */
   protected abstract get type (): PoolType
 
   /**
-   * Gets the worker type.
+   * The worker type.
    */
   protected abstract get worker (): WorkerType
 
   /**
-   * Pool minimum size.
+   * The pool minimum size.
    */
   protected abstract get minSize (): number
 
   /**
-   * Pool maximum size.
+   * The pool maximum size.
    */
   protected abstract get maxSize (): number
 
   /**
-   * Get the worker given its id.
+   * Checks if the worker id sent in the received message from a worker is valid.
    *
-   * @param workerId - The worker id.
-   * @returns The worker if found in the pool worker nodes, `undefined` otherwise.
+   * @param message - The received message.
+   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the worker id is invalid.
    */
-  private getWorkerById (workerId: number): Worker | undefined {
-    return this.workerNodes.find(workerNode => workerNode.info.id === workerId)
-      ?.worker
+  private checkMessageWorkerId (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
+    if (
+      message.workerId != null &&
+      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId) === -1
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Worker message received from unknown worker '${message.workerId}'`
+      )
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -366,12 +519,24 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @param worker - The worker.
    * @returns The worker node key if found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
    */
-  private getWorkerNodeKey (worker: Worker): number {
+  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker (worker: Worker): number {
     return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
       workerNode => workerNode.worker === worker
     )
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Gets the worker node key given its worker id.
+   *
+   * @param workerId - The worker id.
+   * @returns The worker node key if the worker id is found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
+   */
+  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId (workerId: number): number {
+    return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+      workerNode => workerNode.info.id === workerId
+    )
+  }
+
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public setWorkerChoiceStrategy (
     workerChoiceStrategy: WorkerChoiceStrategy,
@@ -386,11 +551,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.setWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
     }
     for (const [workerNodeKey, workerNode] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-      this.setWorkerNodeTasksUsage(
-        workerNode,
-        this.getWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
-      )
-      this.setWorkerStatistics(workerNode.worker)
+      workerNode.resetUsage()
+      this.sendWorkerStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
@@ -453,69 +615,77 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   protected abstract get busy (): boolean
 
   /**
-   * Whether worker nodes are executing at least one task.
+   * Whether worker nodes are executing concurrently their tasks quota or not.
    *
    * @returns Worker nodes busyness boolean status.
    */
   protected internalBusy (): boolean {
-    return (
-      this.workerNodes.findIndex(workerNode => {
-        return workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
-      }) === -1
-    )
+    if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+      return (
+        this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+          workerNode =>
+            workerNode.info.ready &&
+            workerNode.usage.tasks.executing <
+              (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        ) === -1
+      )
+    } else {
+      return (
+        this.workerNodes.findIndex(
+          workerNode =>
+            workerNode.info.ready && workerNode.usage.tasks.executing === 0
+        ) === -1
+      )
+    }
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public async execute (data?: Data, name?: string): Promise<Response> {
-    const timestamp = performance.now()
-    const workerNodeKey = this.chooseWorkerNode()
-    const submittedTask: Task<Data> = {
-      name,
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
-      data: data ?? ({} as Data),
-      timestamp,
-      id: crypto.randomUUID()
-    }
-    const res = new Promise<Response>((resolve, reject) => {
-      this.promiseResponseMap.set(submittedTask.id as string, {
+    return await new Promise<Response>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const timestamp = performance.now()
+      const workerNodeKey = this.chooseWorkerNode()
+      const task: Task<Data> = {
+        name: name ?? DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
+        data: data ?? ({} as Data),
+        timestamp,
+        workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number,
+        taskId: randomUUID()
+      }
+      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId as string, {
         resolve,
         reject,
-        worker: this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].worker
+        workerNodeKey
       })
+      if (
+        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false ||
+        (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
+          this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
+            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number))
+      ) {
+        this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+      } else {
+        this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, task)
+      }
+      this.checkAndEmitEvents()
     })
-    if (
-      this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-      (this.busy ||
-        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing >=
-          ((this.opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
-            .concurrency as number))
-    ) {
-      this.enqueueTask(workerNodeKey, submittedTask)
-    } else {
-      this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, submittedTask)
-    }
-    this.checkAndEmitEvents()
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/return-await
-    return res
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public async destroy (): Promise<void> {
     await Promise.all(
-      this.workerNodes.map(async (workerNode, workerNodeKey) => {
-        this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
-        // FIXME: wait for tasks to be finished
-        await this.destroyWorker(workerNode.worker)
+      this.workerNodes.map(async (_, workerNodeKey) => {
+        await this.destroyWorkerNode(workerNodeKey)
       })
     )
   }
 
   /**
-   * Terminates the given worker.
+   * Terminates the worker node given its worker node key.
    *
-   * @param worker - A worker within `workerNodes`.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    */
-  protected abstract destroyWorker (worker: Worker): void | Promise<void>
+  protected abstract destroyWorkerNode (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void>
 
   /**
    * Setup hook to execute code before worker nodes are created in the abstract constructor.
@@ -546,23 +716,34 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
     ++workerUsage.tasks.executing
     this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, task)
+    const taskWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskWorkerUsage(
+      task.name as string
+    ) as WorkerUsage
+    ++taskWorkerUsage.tasks.executing
+    this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, task)
   }
 
   /**
    * Hook executed after the worker task execution.
    * Can be overridden.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    * @param message - The received message.
    */
   protected afterTaskExecutionHook (
-    worker: Worker,
+    workerNodeKey: number,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)].usage
+    const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
     this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
     this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
     this.updateEluWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+    const taskWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskWorkerUsage(
+      message.taskPerformance?.name ?? DEFAULT_TASK_NAME
+    ) as WorkerUsage
+    this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, message)
+    this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, message)
+    this.updateEluWorkerUsage(taskWorkerUsage, message)
   }
 
   private updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage (
@@ -571,8 +752,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   ): void {
     const workerTaskStatistics = workerUsage.tasks
     --workerTaskStatistics.executing
-    ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
-    if (message.taskError != null) {
+    if (message.taskError == null) {
+      ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
+    } else {
       ++workerTaskStatistics.failed
     }
   }
@@ -581,29 +763,12 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    if (
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime
-        .aggregate
-    ) {
-      workerUsage.runTime.aggregate += message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime
-          .average &&
-        workerUsage.tasks.executed !== 0
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.runTime.average =
-          workerUsage.runTime.aggregate /
-          (workerUsage.tasks.executed - workerUsage.tasks.failed)
-      }
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime
-          .median &&
-        message.taskPerformance?.runTime != null
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.runTime.history.push(message.taskPerformance.runTime)
-        workerUsage.runTime.median = median(workerUsage.runTime.history)
-      }
-    }
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.runTime,
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime,
+      message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0,
+      workerUsage.tasks.executed
+    )
   }
 
   private updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage (
@@ -612,72 +777,42 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   ): void {
     const timestamp = performance.now()
     const taskWaitTime = timestamp - (task.timestamp ?? timestamp)
-    if (
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime
-        .aggregate
-    ) {
-      workerUsage.waitTime.aggregate += taskWaitTime ?? 0
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .waitTime.average &&
-        workerUsage.tasks.executed !== 0
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.waitTime.average =
-          workerUsage.waitTime.aggregate /
-          (workerUsage.tasks.executed - workerUsage.tasks.failed)
-      }
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .waitTime.median &&
-        taskWaitTime != null
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.waitTime.history.push(taskWaitTime)
-        workerUsage.waitTime.median = median(workerUsage.waitTime.history)
-      }
-    }
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.waitTime,
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime,
+      taskWaitTime,
+      workerUsage.tasks.executed
+    )
   }
 
   private updateEluWorkerUsage (
     workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
-    if (
+    const eluTaskStatisticsRequirements: MeasurementStatisticsRequirements =
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-        .aggregate
-    ) {
-      if (workerUsage.elu != null && message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.aggregate += message.taskPerformance.elu.idle
-        workerUsage.elu.active.aggregate += message.taskPerformance.elu.active
-        workerUsage.elu.utilization =
-          (workerUsage.elu.utilization +
-            message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization) /
-          2
-      } else if (message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.aggregate = message.taskPerformance.elu.idle
-        workerUsage.elu.active.aggregate = message.taskPerformance.elu.active
-        workerUsage.elu.utilization = message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization
-      }
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-          .average &&
-        workerUsage.tasks.executed !== 0
-      ) {
-        const executedTasks =
-          workerUsage.tasks.executed - workerUsage.tasks.failed
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.average =
-          workerUsage.elu.idle.aggregate / executedTasks
-        workerUsage.elu.active.average =
-          workerUsage.elu.active.aggregate / executedTasks
-      }
-      if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-          .median &&
-        message.taskPerformance?.elu != null
-      ) {
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.history.push(message.taskPerformance.elu.idle)
-        workerUsage.elu.active.history.push(message.taskPerformance.elu.active)
-        workerUsage.elu.idle.median = median(workerUsage.elu.idle.history)
-        workerUsage.elu.active.median = median(workerUsage.elu.active.history)
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.elu.active,
+      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
+      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.active ?? 0,
+      workerUsage.tasks.executed
+    )
+    updateMeasurementStatistics(
+      workerUsage.elu.idle,
+      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
+      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.idle ?? 0,
+      workerUsage.tasks.executed
+    )
+    if (eluTaskStatisticsRequirements.aggregate) {
+      if (message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
+        if (workerUsage.elu.utilization != null) {
+          workerUsage.elu.utilization =
+            (workerUsage.elu.utilization +
+              message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization) /
+            2
+        } else {
+          workerUsage.elu.utilization = message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -687,15 +822,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    *
    * The default worker choice strategy uses a round robin algorithm to distribute the tasks.
    *
-   * @returns The worker node key
+   * @returns The chosen worker node key
    */
   private chooseWorkerNode (): number {
     if (this.shallCreateDynamicWorker()) {
-      const worker = this.createAndSetupDynamicWorker()
+      const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
       if (
         this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().useDynamicWorker
       ) {
-        return this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+        return workerNodeKey
       }
     }
     return this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.execute()
@@ -711,29 +846,16 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   /**
-   * Sends a message to the given worker.
+   * Sends a message to worker given its worker node key.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker which should receive the message.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    * @param message - The message.
    */
   protected abstract sendToWorker (
-    worker: Worker,
+    workerNodeKey: number,
     message: MessageValue<Data>
   ): void
 
-  /**
-   * Registers a listener callback on the given worker.
-   *
-   * @param worker - The worker which should register a listener.
-   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
-   */
-  private registerWorkerMessageListener<Message extends Data | Response>(
-    worker: Worker,
-    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
-  ): void {
-    worker.on('message', listener as MessageHandler<Worker>)
-  }
-
   /**
    * Creates a new worker.
    *
@@ -742,32 +864,30 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   protected abstract createWorker (): Worker
 
   /**
-   * Function that can be hooked up when a worker has been newly created and moved to the pool worker nodes.
-   * Can be overridden.
+   * Creates a new, completely set up worker node.
    *
-   * @param worker - The newly created worker.
+   * @returns New, completely set up worker node key.
    */
-  protected afterWorkerSetup (worker: Worker): void {
-    // Listen to worker messages.
-    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(worker, this.workerListener())
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Creates a new worker and sets it up completely in the pool worker nodes.
-   *
-   * @returns New, completely set up worker.
-   */
-  protected createAndSetupWorker (): Worker {
+  protected createAndSetupWorkerNode (): number {
     const worker = this.createWorker()
 
     worker.on('message', this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.on('error', this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
     worker.on('error', error => {
-      if (this.emitter != null) {
-        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+      workerInfo.ready = false
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
+      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      if (this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true && !this.starting) {
+        if (workerInfo.dynamic) {
+          this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
+        } else {
+          this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
+        }
       }
-      if (this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true) {
-        this.createAndSetupWorker()
+      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
+        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(workerNodeKey)
       }
     })
     worker.on('online', this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
@@ -776,89 +896,193 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.removeWorkerNode(worker)
     })
 
-    this.pushWorkerNode(worker)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(worker)
 
-    this.setWorkerStatistics(worker)
+    this.afterWorkerNodeSetup(workerNodeKey)
 
-    this.afterWorkerSetup(worker)
-
-    return worker
+    return workerNodeKey
   }
 
   /**
-   * Creates a new dynamic worker and sets it up completely in the pool worker nodes.
+   * Creates a new, completely set up dynamic worker node.
    *
-   * @returns New, completely set up dynamic worker.
+   * @returns New, completely set up dynamic worker node key.
    */
-  protected createAndSetupDynamicWorker (): Worker {
-    const worker = this.createAndSetupWorker()
-    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(worker, message => {
-      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+  protected createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode (): number {
+    const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
+    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, message => {
+      const localWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(
+        message.workerId
+      )
+      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[localWorkerNodeKey].usage
+      // Kill message received from worker
       if (
         isKillBehavior(KillBehaviors.HARD, message.kill) ||
         (message.kill != null &&
           ((this.opts.enableTasksQueue === false &&
-            this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing === 0) ||
+            workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0) ||
             (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-              this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
-              this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0)))
+              workerUsage.tasks.executing === 0 &&
+              this.tasksQueueSize(localWorkerNodeKey) === 0)))
       ) {
-        // Kill message received from the worker: no new tasks are submitted to that worker for a while ( > maxInactiveTime)
-        void (this.destroyWorker(worker) as Promise<void>)
+        this.destroyWorkerNode(localWorkerNodeKey).catch(EMPTY_FUNCTION)
       }
     })
-    return worker
+    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
+      checkActive: true,
+      workerId: workerInfo.id as number
+    })
+    workerInfo.dynamic = true
+    if (this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().useDynamicWorker) {
+      workerInfo.ready = true
+    }
+    return workerNodeKey
   }
 
   /**
-   * This function is the listener registered for each worker message.
+   * Registers a listener callback on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param listener - The message listener callback.
+   */
+  protected abstract registerWorkerMessageListener<
+    Message extends Data | Response
+  >(
+    workerNodeKey: number,
+    listener: (message: MessageValue<Message>) => void
+  ): void
+
+  /**
+   * Method hooked up after a worker node has been newly created.
+   * Can be overridden.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The newly created worker node key.
+   */
+  protected afterWorkerNodeSetup (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    // Listen to worker messages.
+    this.registerWorkerMessageListener(workerNodeKey, this.workerListener())
+    // Send the startup message to worker.
+    this.sendStartupMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
+    // Send the worker statistics message to worker.
+    this.sendWorkerStatisticsMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sends the startup message to worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   */
+  protected abstract sendStartupMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): void
+
+  /**
+   * Sends the worker statistics message to worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   */
+  private sendWorkerStatisticsMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
+      statistics: {
+        runTime:
+          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .runTime.aggregate,
+        elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+          .elu.aggregate
+      },
+      workerId: this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number
+    })
+  }
+
+  private redistributeQueuedTasks (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
+      let targetWorkerNodeKey: number = workerNodeKey
+      let minQueuedTasks = Infinity
+      let executeTask = false
+      for (const [workerNodeId, workerNode] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
+        const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeId)
+        if (
+          workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey &&
+          workerInfo.ready &&
+          workerNode.usage.tasks.queued === 0
+        ) {
+          if (
+            this.workerNodes[workerNodeId].usage.tasks.executing <
+            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+          ) {
+            executeTask = true
+          }
+          targetWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
+          break
+        }
+        if (
+          workerNodeId !== workerNodeKey &&
+          workerInfo.ready &&
+          workerNode.usage.tasks.queued < minQueuedTasks
+        ) {
+          minQueuedTasks = workerNode.usage.tasks.queued
+          targetWorkerNodeKey = workerNodeId
+        }
+      }
+      if (executeTask) {
+        this.executeTask(
+          targetWorkerNodeKey,
+          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
+        )
+      } else {
+        this.enqueueTask(
+          targetWorkerNodeKey,
+          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
+        )
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method is the listener registered for each worker message.
    *
    * @returns The listener function to execute when a message is received from a worker.
    */
   protected workerListener (): (message: MessageValue<Response>) => void {
     return message => {
-      if (message.workerId != null && message.started != null) {
-        // Worker started message received
-        this.handleWorkerStartedMessage(message)
-      } else if (message.id != null) {
-        // Task execution response received
+      this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
+      if (message.ready != null) {
+        // Worker ready response received from worker
+        this.handleWorkerReadyResponse(message)
+      } else if (message.taskId != null) {
+        // Task execution response received from worker
         this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
       }
     }
   }
 
-  private handleWorkerStartedMessage (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    // Worker started message received
-    const worker = this.getWorkerById(message.workerId as number)
-    if (worker != null) {
-      this.workerNodes[this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)].info.started =
-        message.started as boolean
-    } else {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Worker started message received from unknown worker '${
-          message.workerId as number
-        }'`
-      )
+  private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
+    this.getWorkerInfo(
+      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(message.workerId)
+    ).ready = message.ready as boolean
+    if (this.emitter != null && this.ready) {
+      this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
     }
   }
 
   private handleTaskExecutionResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(message.id as string)
+    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(
+      message.taskId as string
+    )
     if (promiseResponse != null) {
       if (message.taskError != null) {
-        if (this.emitter != null) {
-          this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, message.taskError)
-        }
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, message.taskError)
         promiseResponse.reject(message.taskError.message)
       } else {
         promiseResponse.resolve(message.data as Response)
       }
-      this.afterTaskExecutionHook(promiseResponse.worker, message)
-      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(message.id as string)
-      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(promiseResponse.worker)
+      const workerNodeKey = promiseResponse.workerNodeKey
+      this.afterTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, message)
+      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(message.taskId as string)
       if (
         this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0
+        this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
+        this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
+          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
       ) {
         this.executeTask(
           workerNodeKey,
@@ -872,130 +1096,89 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   private checkAndEmitEvents (): void {
     if (this.emitter != null) {
       if (this.busy) {
-        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.busy, this.info)
+        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.busy, this.info)
       }
       if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic && this.full) {
-        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
+        this.emitter.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
       }
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Sets the given worker node its tasks usage in the pool.
+   * Gets the worker information given its worker node key.
    *
-   * @param workerNode - The worker node.
-   * @param workerUsage - The worker usage.
-   */
-  private setWorkerNodeTasksUsage (
-    workerNode: WorkerNode<Worker, Data>,
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage
-  ): void {
-    workerNode.usage = workerUsage
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Pushes the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
-   *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The worker nodes length.
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @returns The worker information.
    */
-  private pushWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
-    this.workerNodes.push({
-      worker,
-      info: { id: this.getWorkerId(worker), started: true },
-      usage: this.getWorkerUsage(),
-      tasksQueue: new Queue<Task<Data>>()
-    })
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
-    this.setWorkerNodeTasksUsage(
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey],
-      this.getWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
-    )
-    return this.workerNodes.length
+  protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo {
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
   }
 
   /**
-   * Gets the worker id.
+   * Adds the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
    *
    * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The worker id.
+   * @returns The added worker node key.
+   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
    */
-  private getWorkerId (worker: Worker): number | undefined {
-    if (this.worker === WorkerTypes.thread) {
-      return worker.threadId
-    } else if (this.worker === WorkerTypes.cluster) {
-      return worker.id
+  private addWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
+    const workerNode = new WorkerNode<Worker, Data>(worker, this.worker)
+    // Flag the worker node as ready at pool startup.
+    if (this.starting) {
+      workerNode.info.ready = true
+    }
+    this.workerNodes.push(workerNode)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+    if (workerNodeKey === -1) {
+      throw new Error('Worker node not found')
     }
+    return workerNodeKey
   }
 
-  // /**
-  //  * Sets the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
-  //  *
-  //  * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
-  //  * @param worker - The worker.
-  //  * @param workerInfo - The worker info.
-  //  * @param workerUsage - The worker usage.
-  //  * @param tasksQueue - The worker task queue.
-  //  */
-  // private setWorkerNode (
-  //   workerNodeKey: number,
-  //   worker: Worker,
-  //   workerInfo: WorkerInfo,
-  //   workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-  //   tasksQueue: Queue<Task<Data>>
-  // ): void {
-  //   this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey] = {
-  //     worker,
-  //     info: workerInfo,
-  //     usage: workerUsage,
-  //     tasksQueue
-  //   }
-  // }
-
   /**
    * Removes the given worker from the pool worker nodes.
    *
    * @param worker - The worker.
    */
   private removeWorkerNode (worker: Worker): void {
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKey(worker)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
     if (workerNodeKey !== -1) {
       this.workerNodes.splice(workerNodeKey, 1)
       this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.remove(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Executes the given task on the worker given its worker node key.
+   *
+   * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
+   * @param task - The task to execute.
+   */
   private executeTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): void {
     this.beforeTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, task)
-    this.sendToWorker(this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].worker, task)
+    this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, task)
   }
 
   private enqueueTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): number {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueue.enqueue(task)
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].enqueueTask(task)
   }
 
   private dequeueTask (workerNodeKey: number): Task<Data> | undefined {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueue.dequeue()
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].dequeueTask()
   }
 
   private tasksQueueSize (workerNodeKey: number): number {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueue.size
-  }
-
-  private tasksMaxQueueSize (workerNodeKey: number): number {
-    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueue.maxSize
+    return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueueSize()
   }
 
-  private flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
-    if (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
-      for (let i = 0; i < this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey); i++) {
-        this.executeTask(
-          workerNodeKey,
-          this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-        )
-      }
+  protected flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+    while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
+      this.executeTask(
+        workerNodeKey,
+        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
+      )
     }
-    this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueue.clear()
+    this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].clearTasksQueue()
   }
 
   private flushTasksQueues (): void {
@@ -1003,65 +1186,4 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
-
-  private setWorkerStatistics (worker: Worker): void {
-    this.sendToWorker(worker, {
-      statistics: {
-        runTime:
-          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-            .runTime.aggregate,
-        elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .elu.aggregate
-      }
-    })
-  }
-
-  private getWorkerUsage (workerNodeKey?: number): WorkerUsage {
-    const getTasksQueueSize = (workerNodeKey?: number): number => {
-      return workerNodeKey != null ? this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) : 0
-    }
-    const getTasksMaxQueueSize = (workerNodeKey?: number): number => {
-      return workerNodeKey != null ? this.tasksMaxQueueSize(workerNodeKey) : 0
-    }
-    return {
-      tasks: {
-        executed: 0,
-        executing: 0,
-        get queued (): number {
-          return getTasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey)
-        },
-        get maxQueued (): number {
-          return getTasksMaxQueueSize(workerNodeKey)
-        },
-        failed: 0
-      },
-      runTime: {
-        aggregate: 0,
-        average: 0,
-        median: 0,
-        history: new CircularArray()
-      },
-      waitTime: {
-        aggregate: 0,
-        average: 0,
-        median: 0,
-        history: new CircularArray()
-      },
-      elu: {
-        idle: {
-          aggregate: 0,
-          average: 0,
-          median: 0,
-          history: new CircularArray()
-        },
-        active: {
-          aggregate: 0,
-          average: 0,
-          median: 0,
-          history: new CircularArray()
-        },
-        utilization: 0
-      }
-    }
-  }
 }