build(deps-dev): apply updates
[poolifier.git] / src / pools / abstract-pool.ts
index 9b0ec92f3df1f9a2d5cdec26608cde6595a9cf96..b7b30161ac7676511f0805d56a5a9284299c7f66 100644 (file)
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
+import { AsyncResource } from 'node:async_hooks'
 import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto'
+import { EventEmitterAsyncResource } from 'node:events'
 import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks'
 import type { TransferListItem } from 'node:worker_threads'
-import { EventEmitterAsyncResource } from 'node:events'
-import { AsyncResource } from 'node:async_hooks'
+
 import type {
   MessageValue,
   PromiseResponseWrapper,
   Task
-} from '../utility-types'
+} from '../utility-types.js'
 import {
+  average,
   DEFAULT_TASK_NAME,
-  DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
   EMPTY_FUNCTION,
-  average,
   exponentialDelay,
   isKillBehavior,
   isPlainObject,
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ import {
   min,
   round,
   sleep
-} from '../utils'
-import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options'
-import type { TaskFunction } from '../worker/task-functions'
+} from '../utils.js'
+import type { TaskFunction } from '../worker/task-functions.js'
+import { KillBehaviors } from '../worker/worker-options.js'
 import {
   type IPool,
   PoolEvents,
@@ -32,32 +32,34 @@ import {
   type PoolType,
   PoolTypes,
   type TasksQueueOptions
-} from './pool'
-import type {
-  IWorker,
-  IWorkerNode,
-  TaskStatistics,
-  WorkerInfo,
-  WorkerNodeEventDetail,
-  WorkerType,
-  WorkerUsage
-} from './worker'
+} from './pool.js'
 import {
-  type MeasurementStatisticsRequirements,
   Measurements,
   WorkerChoiceStrategies,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategy,
   type WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
-} from './selection-strategies/selection-strategies-types'
-import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context'
-import { version } from './version'
-import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node'
+} from './selection-strategies/selection-strategies-types.js'
+import { WorkerChoiceStrategyContext } from './selection-strategies/worker-choice-strategy-context.js'
 import {
   checkFilePath,
   checkValidTasksQueueOptions,
   checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy,
-  updateMeasurementStatistics
-} from './utils'
+  getDefaultTasksQueueOptions,
+  updateEluWorkerUsage,
+  updateRunTimeWorkerUsage,
+  updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage,
+  updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage,
+  waitWorkerNodeEvents
+} from './utils.js'
+import { version } from './version.js'
+import type {
+  IWorker,
+  IWorkerNode,
+  WorkerInfo,
+  WorkerNodeEventDetail,
+  WorkerType
+} from './worker.js'
+import { WorkerNode } from './worker-node.js'
 
 /**
  * Base class that implements some shared logic for all poolifier pools.
@@ -77,11 +79,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public emitter?: EventEmitterAsyncResource
 
-  /**
-   * Dynamic pool maximum size property placeholder.
-   */
-  protected readonly max?: number
-
   /**
    * The task execution response promise map:
    * - `key`: The message id of each submitted task.
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   /**
    * Worker choice strategy context referencing a worker choice algorithm implementation.
    */
-  protected workerChoiceStrategyContext: WorkerChoiceStrategyContext<
+  protected workerChoiceStrategyContext?: WorkerChoiceStrategyContext<
   Worker,
   Data,
   Response
@@ -132,22 +129,25 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   /**
    * Constructs a new poolifier pool.
    *
-   * @param numberOfWorkers - Number of workers that this pool should manage.
+   * @param minimumNumberOfWorkers - Minimum number of workers that this pool manages.
    * @param filePath - Path to the worker file.
    * @param opts - Options for the pool.
+   * @param maximumNumberOfWorkers - Maximum number of workers that this pool manages.
    */
   public constructor (
-    protected readonly numberOfWorkers: number,
+    protected readonly minimumNumberOfWorkers: number,
     protected readonly filePath: string,
-    protected readonly opts: PoolOptions<Worker>
+    protected readonly opts: PoolOptions<Worker>,
+    protected readonly maximumNumberOfWorkers?: number
   ) {
     if (!this.isMain()) {
       throw new Error(
         'Cannot start a pool from a worker with the same type as the pool'
       )
     }
+    this.checkPoolType()
     checkFilePath(this.filePath)
-    this.checkNumberOfWorkers(this.numberOfWorkers)
+    this.checkMinimumNumberOfWorkers(this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
     this.checkPoolOptions(this.opts)
 
     this.chooseWorkerNode = this.chooseWorkerNode.bind(this)
@@ -182,20 +182,30 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.startTimestamp = performance.now()
   }
 
-  private checkNumberOfWorkers (numberOfWorkers: number): void {
-    if (numberOfWorkers == null) {
+  private checkPoolType (): void {
+    if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && this.maximumNumberOfWorkers != null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with a maximum number of workers specified at initialization'
+      )
+    }
+  }
+
+  private checkMinimumNumberOfWorkers (
+    minimumNumberOfWorkers: number | undefined
+  ): void {
+    if (minimumNumberOfWorkers == null) {
       throw new Error(
         'Cannot instantiate a pool without specifying the number of workers'
       )
-    } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(numberOfWorkers)) {
+    } else if (!Number.isSafeInteger(minimumNumberOfWorkers)) {
       throw new TypeError(
         'Cannot instantiate a pool with a non safe integer number of workers'
       )
-    } else if (numberOfWorkers < 0) {
+    } else if (minimumNumberOfWorkers < 0) {
       throw new RangeError(
         'Cannot instantiate a pool with a negative number of workers'
       )
-    } else if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && numberOfWorkers === 0) {
+    } else if (this.type === PoolTypes.fixed && minimumNumberOfWorkers === 0) {
       throw new RangeError('Cannot instantiate a fixed pool with zero worker')
     }
   }
@@ -203,25 +213,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   private checkPoolOptions (opts: PoolOptions<Worker>): void {
     if (isPlainObject(opts)) {
       this.opts.startWorkers = opts.startWorkers ?? true
-      checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(
-        opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy
-      )
+      checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(opts.workerChoiceStrategy)
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy =
         opts.workerChoiceStrategy ?? WorkerChoiceStrategies.ROUND_ROBIN
       this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(
-        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions as WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
+        opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
       )
-      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
-        ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
-        ...opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+      if (opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
+        this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
       }
       this.opts.restartWorkerOnError = opts.restartWorkerOnError ?? true
       this.opts.enableEvents = opts.enableEvents ?? true
       this.opts.enableTasksQueue = opts.enableTasksQueue ?? false
       if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue) {
-        checkValidTasksQueueOptions(opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
+        checkValidTasksQueueOptions(opts.tasksQueueOptions)
         this.opts.tasksQueueOptions = this.buildTasksQueueOptions(
-          opts.tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions
+          opts.tasksQueueOptions
         )
       }
     } else {
@@ -230,7 +237,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   private checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions (
-    workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
+    workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions | undefined
   ): void {
     if (
       workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null &&
@@ -240,25 +247,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must be a plain object'
       )
     }
-    if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.retries != null &&
-      !Number.isSafeInteger(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries)
-    ) {
-      throw new TypeError(
-        'Invalid worker choice strategy options: retries must be an integer'
-      )
-    }
-    if (
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.retries != null &&
-      workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries < 0
-    ) {
-      throw new RangeError(
-        `Invalid worker choice strategy options: retries '${workerChoiceStrategyOptions.retries}' must be greater or equal than zero`
-      )
-    }
     if (
       workerChoiceStrategyOptions?.weights != null &&
-      Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !== this.maxSize
+      Object.keys(workerChoiceStrategyOptions.weights).length !==
+        (this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
     ) {
       throw new Error(
         'Invalid worker choice strategy options: must have a weight for each worker node'
@@ -290,13 +282,17 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       worker: this.worker,
       started: this.started,
       ready: this.ready,
-      strategy: this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy as WorkerChoiceStrategy,
-      minSize: this.minSize,
-      maxSize: this.maxSize,
-      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-        .runTime.aggregate &&
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      strategy: this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy!,
+      strategyRetries: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.retriesCount ?? 0,
+      minSize: this.minimumNumberOfWorkers,
+      maxSize: this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers,
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+        .runTime.aggregate === true &&
         this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .waitTime.aggregate && { utilization: round(this.utilization) }),
+          .waitTime.aggregate && {
+        utilization: round(this.utilization)
+      }),
       workerNodes: this.workerNodes.length,
       idleWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (accumulator, workerNode) =>
@@ -305,6 +301,13 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
             : accumulator,
         0
       ),
+      ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
+        stealingWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
+          (accumulator, workerNode) =>
+            workerNode.info.stealing ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
+          0
+        )
+      }),
       busyWorkerNodes: this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (accumulator, _workerNode, workerNodeKey) =>
           this.isWorkerNodeBusy(workerNodeKey) ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
@@ -330,7 +333,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       ...(this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true && {
         maxQueuedTasks: this.workerNodes.reduce(
           (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-            accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks?.maxQueued ?? 0),
+            accumulator + (workerNode.usage.tasks.maxQueued ?? 0),
           0
         )
       }),
@@ -349,20 +352,20 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           accumulator + workerNode.usage.tasks.failed,
         0
       ),
-      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-        .runTime.aggregate && {
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+        .runTime.aggregate === true && {
         runTime: {
           minimum: round(
             min(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime.minimum ?? Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
           maximum: round(
             max(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.runTime.maximum ?? -Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
@@ -392,20 +395,20 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           })
         }
       }),
-      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-        .waitTime.aggregate && {
+      ...(this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+        .waitTime.aggregate === true && {
         waitTime: {
           minimum: round(
             min(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.minimum ?? Infinity
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime.minimum ?? Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
           maximum: round(
             max(
               ...this.workerNodes.map(
-                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime?.maximum ?? -Infinity
+                workerNode => workerNode.usage.waitTime.maximum ?? -Infinity
               )
             )
           ),
@@ -442,6 +445,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * The pool readiness boolean status.
    */
   private get ready (): boolean {
+    if (this.empty) {
+      return false
+    }
     return (
       this.workerNodes.reduce(
         (accumulator, workerNode) =>
@@ -449,10 +455,17 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
             ? accumulator + 1
             : accumulator,
         0
-      ) >= this.minSize
+      ) >= this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
     )
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The pool emptiness boolean status.
+   */
+  protected get empty (): boolean {
+    return this.minimumNumberOfWorkers === 0 && this.workerNodes.length === 0
+  }
+
   /**
    * The approximate pool utilization.
    *
@@ -460,15 +473,16 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    */
   private get utilization (): number {
     const poolTimeCapacity =
-      (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) * this.maxSize
+      (performance.now() - this.startTimestamp) *
+      (this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
     const totalTasksRunTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
       (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
+        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.runTime.aggregate ?? 0),
       0
     )
     const totalTasksWaitTime = this.workerNodes.reduce(
       (accumulator, workerNode) =>
-        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime?.aggregate ?? 0),
+        accumulator + (workerNode.usage.waitTime.aggregate ?? 0),
       0
     )
     return (totalTasksRunTime + totalTasksWaitTime) / poolTimeCapacity
@@ -486,20 +500,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    */
   protected abstract get worker (): WorkerType
 
-  /**
-   * The pool minimum size.
-   */
-  protected get minSize (): number {
-    return this.numberOfWorkers
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The pool maximum size.
-   */
-  protected get maxSize (): number {
-    return this.max ?? this.numberOfWorkers
-  }
-
   /**
    * Checks if the worker id sent in the received message from a worker is valid.
    *
@@ -516,18 +516,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Gets the given worker its worker node key.
-   *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The worker node key if found in the pool worker nodes, `-1` otherwise.
-   */
-  private getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker (worker: Worker): number {
-    return this.workerNodes.findIndex(
-      workerNode => workerNode.worker === worker
-    )
-  }
-
   /**
    * Gets the worker node key given its worker id.
    *
@@ -547,7 +535,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   ): void {
     checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategy(workerChoiceStrategy)
     this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy = workerChoiceStrategy
-    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setWorkerChoiceStrategy(
+    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.setWorkerChoiceStrategy(
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategy
     )
     if (workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
@@ -561,14 +549,13 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
   public setWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions (
-    workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions
+    workerChoiceStrategyOptions: WorkerChoiceStrategyOptions | undefined
   ): void {
     this.checkValidWorkerChoiceStrategyOptions(workerChoiceStrategyOptions)
-    this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = {
-      ...DEFAULT_WORKER_CHOICE_STRATEGY_OPTIONS,
-      ...workerChoiceStrategyOptions
+    if (workerChoiceStrategyOptions != null) {
+      this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions = workerChoiceStrategyOptions
     }
-    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.setOptions(
+    this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.setOptions(
       this.opts.workerChoiceStrategyOptions
     )
   }
@@ -584,16 +571,19 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.flushTasksQueues()
     }
     this.opts.enableTasksQueue = enable
-    this.setTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions as TasksQueueOptions)
+    this.setTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
   }
 
   /** @inheritDoc */
-  public setTasksQueueOptions (tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions): void {
+  public setTasksQueueOptions (
+    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions | undefined
+  ): void {
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
       checkValidTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
       this.opts.tasksQueueOptions =
         this.buildTasksQueueOptions(tasksQueueOptions)
-      this.setTasksQueueSize(this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.size as number)
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.setTasksQueueSize(this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.size!)
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions.taskStealing === true) {
         this.unsetTaskStealing()
         this.setTaskStealing()
@@ -612,15 +602,12 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   private buildTasksQueueOptions (
-    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions
+    tasksQueueOptions: TasksQueueOptions | undefined
   ): TasksQueueOptions {
     return {
-      ...{
-        size: Math.pow(this.maxSize, 2),
-        concurrency: 1,
-        taskStealing: true,
-        tasksStealingOnBackPressure: true
-      },
+      ...getDefaultTasksQueueOptions(
+        this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
+      ),
       ...tasksQueueOptions
     }
   }
@@ -633,18 +620,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
 
   private setTaskStealing (): void {
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
-        'idleWorkerNode',
-        this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent
-      )
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on('idle', this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent)
     }
   }
 
   private unsetTaskStealing (): void {
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].off(
-        'idleWorkerNode',
-        this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent
+        'idle',
+        this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent
       )
     }
   }
@@ -653,7 +637,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
         'backPressure',
-        this.handleBackPressureEvent
+        this.handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent
       )
     }
   }
@@ -662,7 +646,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     for (const [workerNodeKey] of this.workerNodes.entries()) {
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].off(
         'backPressure',
-        this.handleBackPressureEvent
+        this.handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent
       )
     }
   }
@@ -673,7 +657,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * The pool filling boolean status.
    */
   protected get full (): boolean {
-    return this.workerNodes.length >= this.maxSize
+    return (
+      this.workerNodes.length >=
+      (this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers)
+    )
   }
 
   /**
@@ -695,7 +682,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           workerNode =>
             workerNode.info.ready &&
             workerNode.usage.tasks.executing <
-              (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+              // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+              this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
         ) === -1
       )
     }
@@ -711,7 +699,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
       return (
         this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing >=
-        (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
       )
     }
     return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing > 0
@@ -726,21 +715,17 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         message: MessageValue<Response>
       ): void => {
         this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
-        const workerId = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).id as number
+        const workerId = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)?.id
         if (
           message.taskFunctionOperationStatus != null &&
           message.workerId === workerId
         ) {
           if (message.taskFunctionOperationStatus) {
             resolve(true)
-          } else if (!message.taskFunctionOperationStatus) {
+          } else {
             reject(
               new Error(
-                `Task function operation '${
-                  message.taskFunctionOperation as string
-                }' failed on worker ${message.workerId} with error: '${
-                  message.workerError?.message as string
-                }'`
+                `Task function operation '${message.taskFunctionOperation}' failed on worker ${message.workerId} with error: '${message.workerError?.message}'`
               )
             )
           }
@@ -788,10 +773,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
                 new Error(
                   `Task function operation '${
                     message.taskFunctionOperation as string
-                  }' failed on worker ${
-                    errorResponse?.workerId as number
-                  } with error: '${
-                    errorResponse?.workerError?.message as string
+                  }' failed on worker ${errorResponse?.workerId} with error: '${
+                    errorResponse?.workerError?.message
                   }'`
                 )
               )
@@ -896,7 +879,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     return (
       this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks.executing <
-        (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
     )
   }
 
@@ -941,7 +925,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         timestamp,
         taskId: randomUUID()
       }
-      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId as string, {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.promiseResponseMap.set(task.taskId!, {
         resolve,
         reject,
         workerNodeKey,
@@ -981,7 +966,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         (accumulator, workerNode) =>
           !workerNode.info.dynamic ? accumulator + 1 : accumulator,
         0
-      ) < this.numberOfWorkers
+      ) < this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
     ) {
       this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
     }
@@ -1008,16 +993,18 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     )
     this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.destroy, this.info)
     this.emitter?.emitDestroy()
-    this.emitter?.removeAllListeners()
     this.readyEventEmitted = false
     this.destroying = false
     this.started = false
   }
 
-  protected async sendKillMessageToWorker (
-    workerNodeKey: number
-  ): Promise<void> {
+  private async sendKillMessageToWorker (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void> {
     await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+      if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey] == null) {
+        resolve()
+        return
+      }
       const killMessageListener = (message: MessageValue<Response>): void => {
         this.checkMessageWorkerId(message)
         if (message.kill === 'success') {
@@ -1025,9 +1012,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
         } else if (message.kill === 'failure') {
           reject(
             new Error(
-              `Kill message handling failed on worker ${
-                message.workerId as number
-              }`
+              `Kill message handling failed on worker ${message.workerId}`
             )
           )
         }
@@ -1043,7 +1028,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    *
    * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    */
-  protected abstract destroyWorkerNode (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void>
+  protected async destroyWorkerNode (workerNodeKey: number): Promise<void> {
+    this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(workerNodeKey)
+    const flushedTasks = this.flushTasksQueue(workerNodeKey)
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    await waitWorkerNodeEvents(
+      workerNode,
+      'taskFinished',
+      flushedTasks,
+      this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.tasksFinishedTimeout ??
+        getDefaultTasksQueueOptions(
+          this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
+        ).tasksFinishedTimeout
+    )
+    await this.sendKillMessageToWorker(workerNodeKey)
+    await workerNode.terminate()
+  }
 
   /**
    * Setup hook to execute code before worker nodes are created in the abstract constructor.
@@ -1071,22 +1071,33 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerNodeKey: number,
     task: Task<Data>
   ): void {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
     if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.usage != null) {
       const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
       ++workerUsage.tasks.executing
-      this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, task)
+      updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        workerUsage,
+        task
+      )
     }
     if (
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        task.name as string
-      ) != null
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name!) !=
+        null
     ) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
         workerNodeKey
-      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name as string) as WorkerUsage
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(task.name!)!
       ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.executing
-      this.updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, task)
+      updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        taskFunctionWorkerUsage,
+        task
+      )
     }
   }
 
@@ -1101,26 +1112,50 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerNodeKey: number,
     message: MessageValue<Response>
   ): void {
+    let needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate = false
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
     if (this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.usage != null) {
       const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage
-      this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
-      this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
-      this.updateEluWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+      updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerUsage, message)
+      updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        workerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      updateEluWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        workerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate = true
     }
     if (
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        message.taskPerformance?.name as string
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        message.taskPerformance!.name
       ) != null
     ) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
         workerNodeKey
-      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        message.taskPerformance?.name as string
-      ) as WorkerUsage
-      this.updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
-      this.updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
-      this.updateEluWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(message.taskPerformance!.name)!
+      updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage(taskFunctionWorkerUsage, message)
+      updateRunTimeWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        taskFunctionWorkerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      updateEluWorkerUsage(
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext,
+        taskFunctionWorkerUsage,
+        message
+      )
+      needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate = true
+    }
+    if (needWorkerChoiceStrategyUpdate) {
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.update(workerNodeKey)
     }
   }
 
@@ -1139,84 +1174,6 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     )
   }
 
-  private updateTaskStatisticsWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    message: MessageValue<Response>
-  ): void {
-    const workerTaskStatistics = workerUsage.tasks
-    if (
-      workerTaskStatistics.executing != null &&
-      workerTaskStatistics.executing > 0
-    ) {
-      --workerTaskStatistics.executing
-    }
-    if (message.workerError == null) {
-      ++workerTaskStatistics.executed
-    } else {
-      ++workerTaskStatistics.failed
-    }
-  }
-
-  private updateRunTimeWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    message: MessageValue<Response>
-  ): void {
-    if (message.workerError != null) {
-      return
-    }
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.runTime,
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().runTime,
-      message.taskPerformance?.runTime ?? 0
-    )
-  }
-
-  private updateWaitTimeWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    task: Task<Data>
-  ): void {
-    const timestamp = performance.now()
-    const taskWaitTime = timestamp - (task.timestamp ?? timestamp)
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.waitTime,
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().waitTime,
-      taskWaitTime
-    )
-  }
-
-  private updateEluWorkerUsage (
-    workerUsage: WorkerUsage,
-    message: MessageValue<Response>
-  ): void {
-    if (message.workerError != null) {
-      return
-    }
-    const eluTaskStatisticsRequirements: MeasurementStatisticsRequirements =
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.elu.active,
-      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
-      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.active ?? 0
-    )
-    updateMeasurementStatistics(
-      workerUsage.elu.idle,
-      eluTaskStatisticsRequirements,
-      message.taskPerformance?.elu?.idle ?? 0
-    )
-    if (eluTaskStatisticsRequirements.aggregate) {
-      if (message.taskPerformance?.elu != null) {
-        if (workerUsage.elu.utilization != null) {
-          workerUsage.elu.utilization =
-            (workerUsage.elu.utilization +
-              message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization) /
-            2
-        } else {
-          workerUsage.elu.utilization = message.taskPerformance.elu.utilization
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   /**
    * Chooses a worker node for the next task.
    *
@@ -1228,12 +1185,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     if (this.shallCreateDynamicWorker()) {
       const workerNodeKey = this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
       if (
-        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerUsage
+        this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getStrategyPolicy()
+          .dynamicWorkerUsage === true
       ) {
         return workerNodeKey
       }
     }
-    return this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.execute()
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+    return this.workerChoiceStrategyContext!.execute()
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1241,9 +1200,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    *
    * @returns Whether to create a dynamic worker or not.
    */
-  private shallCreateDynamicWorker (): boolean {
-    return this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic && !this.full && this.internalBusy()
-  }
+  protected abstract shallCreateDynamicWorker (): boolean
 
   /**
    * Sends a message to worker given its worker node key.
@@ -1258,55 +1215,60 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     transferList?: TransferListItem[]
   ): void
 
-  /**
-   * Creates a new worker.
-   *
-   * @returns Newly created worker.
-   */
-  protected abstract createWorker (): Worker
-
   /**
    * Creates a new, completely set up worker node.
    *
    * @returns New, completely set up worker node key.
    */
   protected createAndSetupWorkerNode (): number {
-    const worker = this.createWorker()
-
-    worker.on('online', this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('message', this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('error', this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.on('error', error => {
-      const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
-      this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(workerNodeKey)
-      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+    const workerNode = this.createWorkerNode()
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'online',
+      this.opts.onlineHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'message',
+      this.opts.messageHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'error',
+      this.opts.errorHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler('error', (error: Error) => {
+      workerNode.info.ready = false
       this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].closeChannel()
       if (
         this.started &&
-        !this.starting &&
         !this.destroying &&
         this.opts.restartWorkerOnError === true
       ) {
-        if (workerInfo.dynamic) {
+        if (workerNode.info.dynamic) {
           this.createAndSetupDynamicWorkerNode()
         } else {
           this.createAndSetupWorkerNode()
         }
       }
-      if (this.started && this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
-        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(workerNodeKey)
+      if (
+        this.started &&
+        !this.destroying &&
+        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true
+      ) {
+        this.redistributeQueuedTasks(this.workerNodes.indexOf(workerNode))
       }
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+      workerNode?.terminate().catch((error: unknown) => {
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      })
     })
-    worker.on('exit', this.opts.exitHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION)
-    worker.once('exit', () => {
-      this.removeWorkerNode(worker)
+    workerNode.registerWorkerEventHandler(
+      'exit',
+      this.opts.exitHandler ?? EMPTY_FUNCTION
+    )
+    workerNode.registerOnceWorkerEventHandler('exit', () => {
+      this.removeWorkerNode(workerNode)
     })
-
-    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(worker)
-
+    const workerNodeKey = this.addWorkerNode(workerNode)
     this.afterWorkerNodeSetup(workerNodeKey)
-
     return workerNodeKey
   }
 
@@ -1322,7 +1284,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       const localWorkerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(
         message.workerId
       )
-      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[localWorkerNodeKey].usage
+      const workerUsage = this.workerNodes[localWorkerNodeKey]?.usage
       // Kill message received from worker
       if (
         isKillBehavior(KillBehaviors.HARD, message.kill) ||
@@ -1335,12 +1297,11 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       ) {
         // Flag the worker node as not ready immediately
         this.flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady(localWorkerNodeKey)
-        this.destroyWorkerNode(localWorkerNodeKey).catch(error => {
+        this.destroyWorkerNode(localWorkerNodeKey).catch((error: unknown) => {
           this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
         })
       }
     })
-    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
     this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
       checkActive: true
     })
@@ -1350,17 +1311,20 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
           taskFunctionOperation: 'add',
           taskFunctionName,
           taskFunction: taskFunction.toString()
-        }).catch(error => {
+        }).catch((error: unknown) => {
           this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
         })
       }
     }
-    workerInfo.dynamic = true
+    const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    workerNode.info.dynamic = true
     if (
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerReady ||
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getStrategyPolicy().dynamicWorkerUsage
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getStrategyPolicy()
+        .dynamicWorkerReady === true ||
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getStrategyPolicy()
+        .dynamicWorkerUsage === true
     ) {
-      workerInfo.ready = true
+      workerNode.info.ready = true
     }
     this.checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents()
     return workerNodeKey
@@ -1424,14 +1388,14 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.taskStealing === true) {
         this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
-          'idleWorkerNode',
-          this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent
+          'idle',
+          this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent
         )
       }
       if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.tasksStealingOnBackPressure === true) {
         this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].on(
           'backPressure',
-          this.handleBackPressureEvent
+          this.handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent
         )
       }
     }
@@ -1453,14 +1417,19 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     this.sendToWorker(workerNodeKey, {
       statistics: {
         runTime:
-          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-            .runTime.aggregate,
-        elu: this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
-          .elu.aggregate
+          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements()
+            .runTime.aggregate ?? false,
+        elu:
+          this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.getTaskStatisticsRequirements().elu
+            .aggregate ?? false
       }
     })
   }
 
+  private cannotStealTask (): boolean {
+    return this.workerNodes.length <= 1 || this.info.queuedTasks === 0
+  }
+
   private handleTask (workerNodeKey: number, task: Task<Data>): void {
     if (this.shallExecuteTask(workerNodeKey)) {
       this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, task)
@@ -1470,7 +1439,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
   }
 
   private redistributeQueuedTasks (workerNodeKey: number): void {
-    if (this.workerNodes.length <= 1) {
+    if (workerNodeKey === -1 || this.cannotStealTask()) {
       return
     }
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
@@ -1486,7 +1455,8 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       )
       this.handleTask(
         destinationWorkerNodeKey,
-        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey)!
       )
     }
   }
@@ -1496,6 +1466,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     taskName: string
   ): void {
     const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
     if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
       ++workerNode.usage.tasks.stolen
     }
@@ -1503,9 +1474,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
     ) {
-      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        taskName
-      ) as WorkerUsage
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName)!
       ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.stolen
     }
   }
@@ -1514,6 +1485,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerNodeKey: number
   ): void {
     const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
     if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
       ++workerNode.usage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen
     }
@@ -1528,9 +1500,9 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
     ) {
-      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        taskName
-      ) as WorkerUsage
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName)!
       ++taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen
     }
   }
@@ -1539,6 +1511,7 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     workerNodeKey: number
   ): void {
     const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
     if (workerNode?.usage != null) {
       workerNode.usage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen = 0
     }
@@ -1553,35 +1526,45 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName) != null
     ) {
-      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage = workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
-        taskName
-      ) as WorkerUsage
+      const taskFunctionWorkerUsage =
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        workerNode.getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(taskName)!
       taskFunctionWorkerUsage.tasks.sequentiallyStolen = 0
     }
   }
 
-  private readonly handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent = (
+  private readonly handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent = (
     eventDetail: WorkerNodeEventDetail,
     previousStolenTask?: Task<Data>
   ): void => {
-    if (this.workerNodes.length <= 1) {
-      return
-    }
     const { workerNodeKey } = eventDetail
     if (workerNodeKey == null) {
       throw new Error(
-        'WorkerNode event detail workerNodeKey attribute must be defined'
+        "WorkerNode event detail 'workerNodeKey' property must be defined"
       )
     }
+    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+    if (
+      this.cannotStealTask() ||
+      (this.info.stealingWorkerNodes ?? 0) >
+        Math.floor(this.workerNodes.length / 2)
+    ) {
+      if (workerInfo != null && previousStolenTask != null) {
+        workerInfo.stealing = false
+      }
+      return
+    }
     const workerNodeTasksUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks
     if (
+      workerInfo != null &&
       previousStolenTask != null &&
       workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen > 0 &&
       (workerNodeTasksUsage.executing > 0 ||
         this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0)
     ) {
-      for (const taskName of this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].info
-        .taskFunctionNames as string[]) {
+      workerInfo.stealing = false
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      for (const taskName of workerInfo.taskFunctionNames!) {
         this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
           workerNodeKey,
           taskName
@@ -1590,15 +1573,22 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
       return
     }
+    if (workerInfo == null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Worker node with key '${workerNodeKey}' not found in pool`
+      )
+    }
+    workerInfo.stealing = true
     const stolenTask = this.workerNodeStealTask(workerNodeKey)
     if (
       this.shallUpdateTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey) &&
       stolenTask != null
     ) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
       const taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage = this.workerNodes[
         workerNodeKey
-      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(stolenTask.name as string)
-        ?.tasks as TaskStatistics
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      ].getTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(stolenTask.name!)!.tasks
       if (
         taskFunctionTasksWorkerUsage.sequentiallyStolen === 0 ||
         (previousStolenTask != null &&
@@ -1607,21 +1597,25 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       ) {
         this.updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
           workerNodeKey,
-          stolenTask.name as string
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          stolenTask.name!
         )
       } else {
         this.resetTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsTaskFunctionWorkerUsage(
           workerNodeKey,
-          stolenTask.name as string
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          stolenTask.name!
         )
       }
     }
     sleep(exponentialDelay(workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen))
       .then(() => {
-        this.handleIdleWorkerNodeEvent(eventDetail, stolenTask)
+        this.handleWorkerNodeIdleEvent(eventDetail, stolenTask)
         return undefined
       })
-      .catch(EMPTY_FUNCTION)
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
+        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.error, error)
+      })
   }
 
   private readonly workerNodeStealTask = (
@@ -1636,30 +1630,35 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     const sourceWorkerNode = workerNodes.find(
       (sourceWorkerNode, sourceWorkerNodeKey) =>
         sourceWorkerNode.info.ready &&
+        !sourceWorkerNode.info.stealing &&
         sourceWorkerNodeKey !== workerNodeKey &&
         sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0
     )
     if (sourceWorkerNode != null) {
-      const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask()!
       this.handleTask(workerNodeKey, task)
       this.updateTaskSequentiallyStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey)
-      this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(
-        workerNodeKey,
-        task.name as string
-      )
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey, task.name!)
       return task
     }
   }
 
-  private readonly handleBackPressureEvent = (
+  private readonly handleWorkerNodeBackPressureEvent = (
     eventDetail: WorkerNodeEventDetail
   ): void => {
-    if (this.workerNodes.length <= 1) {
+    if (
+      this.cannotStealTask() ||
+      (this.info.stealingWorkerNodes ?? 0) >
+        Math.floor(this.workerNodes.length / 2)
+    ) {
       return
     }
     const { workerId } = eventDetail
     const sizeOffset = 1
-    if ((this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) <= sizeOffset) {
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+    if (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.size! <= sizeOffset) {
       return
     }
     const sourceWorkerNode =
@@ -1674,16 +1673,25 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       if (
         sourceWorkerNode.usage.tasks.queued > 0 &&
         workerNode.info.ready &&
+        !workerNode.info.stealing &&
         workerNode.info.id !== workerId &&
         workerNode.usage.tasks.queued <
-          (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size as number) - sizeOffset
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.size! - sizeOffset
       ) {
-        const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask() as Task<Data>
+        const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+        if (workerInfo == null) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Worker node with key '${workerNodeKey}' not found in pool`
+          )
+        }
+        workerInfo.stealing = true
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        const task = sourceWorkerNode.popTask()!
         this.handleTask(workerNodeKey, task)
-        this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(
-          workerNodeKey,
-          task.name as string
-        )
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+        this.updateTaskStolenStatisticsWorkerUsage(workerNodeKey, task.name!)
+        workerInfo.stealing = false
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1704,33 +1712,41 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       this.handleTaskExecutionResponse(message)
     } else if (taskFunctionNames != null) {
       // Task function names message received from worker
-      this.getWorkerInfo(
+      const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(
         this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
-      ).taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
+      )
+      if (workerInfo != null) {
+        workerInfo.taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
+      }
     }
   }
 
-  private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
-    const { workerId, ready, taskFunctionNames } = message
-    if (ready === false) {
-      throw new Error(`Worker ${workerId as number} failed to initialize`)
-    }
-    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(
-      this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)
-    )
-    workerInfo.ready = ready as boolean
-    workerInfo.taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
+  private checkAndEmitReadyEvent (): void {
     if (!this.readyEventEmitted && this.ready) {
-      this.readyEventEmitted = true
       this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.ready, this.info)
+      this.readyEventEmitted = true
     }
   }
 
+  private handleWorkerReadyResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
+    const { workerId, ready, taskFunctionNames } = message
+    if (ready == null || !ready) {
+      throw new Error(`Worker ${workerId} failed to initialize`)
+    }
+    const workerNode =
+      this.workerNodes[this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorkerId(workerId)]
+    workerNode.info.ready = ready
+    workerNode.info.taskFunctionNames = taskFunctionNames
+    this.checkAndEmitReadyEvent()
+  }
+
   private handleTaskExecutionResponse (message: MessageValue<Response>): void {
     const { workerId, taskId, workerError, data } = message
-    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(taskId as string)
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+    const promiseResponse = this.promiseResponseMap.get(taskId!)
     if (promiseResponse != null) {
       const { resolve, reject, workerNodeKey, asyncResource } = promiseResponse
+      const workerNode = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]
       if (workerError != null) {
         this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.taskError, workerError)
         asyncResource != null
@@ -1747,27 +1763,33 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
       }
       asyncResource?.emitDestroy()
       this.afterTaskExecutionHook(workerNodeKey, message)
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.update(workerNodeKey)
-      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(taskId as string)
-      if (this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true) {
-        const workerNodeTasksUsage = this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].usage.tasks
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.promiseResponseMap.delete(taskId!)
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+      workerNode?.emit('taskFinished', taskId)
+      if (
+        this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
+        !this.destroying &&
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition
+        workerNode != null
+      ) {
+        const workerNodeTasksUsage = workerNode.usage.tasks
         if (
           this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0 &&
           workerNodeTasksUsage.executing <
-            (this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.concurrency as number)
+            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+            this.opts.tasksQueueOptions!.concurrency!
         ) {
-          this.executeTask(
-            workerNodeKey,
-            this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-          )
+          // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+          this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey)!)
         }
         if (
           workerNodeTasksUsage.executing === 0 &&
           this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) === 0 &&
           workerNodeTasksUsage.sequentiallyStolen === 0
         ) {
-          this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].emit('idleWorkerNode', {
-            workerId: workerId as number,
+          workerNode.emit('idle', {
+            workerId,
             workerNodeKey
           })
         }
@@ -1787,13 +1809,10 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     }
   }
 
-  private checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents (): void {
-    if (this.type === PoolTypes.dynamic) {
-      if (this.full) {
-        this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.full, this.info)
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  /**
+   * Emits dynamic worker creation events.
+   */
+  protected abstract checkAndEmitDynamicWorkerCreationEvents (): void
 
   /**
    * Gets the worker information given its worker node key.
@@ -1801,57 +1820,78 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
    * @param workerNodeKey - The worker node key.
    * @returns The worker information.
    */
-  protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo {
+  protected getWorkerInfo (workerNodeKey: number): WorkerInfo | undefined {
     return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey]?.info
   }
 
   /**
-   * Adds the given worker in the pool worker nodes.
+   * Creates a worker node.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
-   * @returns The added worker node key.
-   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
+   * @returns The created worker node.
    */
-  private addWorkerNode (worker: Worker): number {
+  private createWorkerNode (): IWorkerNode<Worker, Data> {
     const workerNode = new WorkerNode<Worker, Data>(
-      worker,
-      this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size ?? Math.pow(this.maxSize, 2)
+      this.worker,
+      this.filePath,
+      {
+        env: this.opts.env,
+        workerOptions: this.opts.workerOptions,
+        tasksQueueBackPressureSize:
+          this.opts.tasksQueueOptions?.size ??
+          getDefaultTasksQueueOptions(
+            this.maximumNumberOfWorkers ?? this.minimumNumberOfWorkers
+          ).size
+      }
     )
     // Flag the worker node as ready at pool startup.
     if (this.starting) {
       workerNode.info.ready = true
     }
+    return workerNode
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds the given worker node in the pool worker nodes.
+   *
+   * @param workerNode - The worker node.
+   * @returns The added worker node key.
+   * @throws {@link https://nodejs.org/api/errors.html#class-error} If the added worker node is not found.
+   */
+  private addWorkerNode (workerNode: IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>): number {
     this.workerNodes.push(workerNode)
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+    const workerNodeKey = this.workerNodes.indexOf(workerNode)
     if (workerNodeKey === -1) {
       throw new Error('Worker added not found in worker nodes')
     }
     return workerNodeKey
   }
 
+  private checkAndEmitEmptyEvent (): void {
+    if (this.empty) {
+      this.emitter?.emit(PoolEvents.empty, this.info)
+      this.readyEventEmitted = false
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
-   * Removes the given worker from the pool worker nodes.
+   * Removes the worker node from the pool worker nodes.
    *
-   * @param worker - The worker.
+   * @param workerNode - The worker node.
    */
-  private removeWorkerNode (worker: Worker): void {
-    const workerNodeKey = this.getWorkerNodeKeyByWorker(worker)
+  private removeWorkerNode (workerNode: IWorkerNode<Worker, Data>): void {
+    const workerNodeKey = this.workerNodes.indexOf(workerNode)
     if (workerNodeKey !== -1) {
       this.workerNodes.splice(workerNodeKey, 1)
-      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext.remove(workerNodeKey)
+      this.workerChoiceStrategyContext?.remove(workerNodeKey)
     }
+    this.checkAndEmitEmptyEvent()
   }
 
   protected flagWorkerNodeAsNotReady (workerNodeKey: number): void {
-    this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey).ready = false
-  }
-
-  /** @inheritDoc */
-  public hasWorkerNodeBackPressure (workerNodeKey: number): boolean {
-    return (
-      this.opts.enableTasksQueue === true &&
-      this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].hasBackPressure()
-    )
+    const workerInfo = this.getWorkerInfo(workerNodeKey)
+    if (workerInfo != null) {
+      workerInfo.ready = false
+    }
   }
 
   private hasBackPressure (): boolean {
@@ -1889,14 +1929,15 @@ export abstract class AbstractPool<
     return this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].tasksQueueSize()
   }
 
-  protected flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): void {
+  protected flushTasksQueue (workerNodeKey: number): number {
+    let flushedTasks = 0
     while (this.tasksQueueSize(workerNodeKey) > 0) {
-      this.executeTask(
-        workerNodeKey,
-        this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey) as Task<Data>
-      )
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.executeTask(workerNodeKey, this.dequeueTask(workerNodeKey)!)
+      ++flushedTasks
     }
     this.workerNodes[workerNodeKey].clearTasksQueue()
+    return flushedTasks
   }
 
   private flushTasksQueues (): void {