Imported Debian version 2.4.3~trusty1
[deb_ffmpeg.git] / ffmpeg / libavcodec / msmpeg4enc.c
CommitLineData
2ba45a60
DM
1/*
2 * MSMPEG4 encoder backend
3 * Copyright (c) 2001 Fabrice Bellard
4 * Copyright (c) 2002-2004 Michael Niedermayer <michaelni@gmx.at>
5 *
6 * msmpeg4v1 & v2 stuff by Michael Niedermayer <michaelni@gmx.at>
7 *
8 * This file is part of FFmpeg.
9 *
10 * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
11 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
12 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
13 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
14 *
15 * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
16 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
17 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
18 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
19 *
20 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
21 * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
22 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
23 */
24
25/**
26 * @file
27 * MSMPEG4 encoder backend
28 */
29
30#include <stdint.h>
31#include <string.h>
32
33#include "libavutil/attributes.h"
34#include "libavutil/avutil.h"
35#include "libavutil/mem.h"
36#include "mpegvideo.h"
37#include "h263.h"
38#include "mpeg4video.h"
39#include "msmpeg4.h"
40#include "msmpeg4data.h"
41#include "put_bits.h"
42#include "rl.h"
43#include "vc1data.h"
44
45static uint8_t rl_length[NB_RL_TABLES][MAX_LEVEL+1][MAX_RUN+1][2];
46
47/* build the table which associate a (x,y) motion vector to a vlc */
48static av_cold void init_mv_table(MVTable *tab)
49{
50 int i, x, y;
51
52 tab->table_mv_index = av_malloc(sizeof(uint16_t) * 4096);
53 /* mark all entries as not used */
54 for(i=0;i<4096;i++)
55 tab->table_mv_index[i] = tab->n;
56
57 for(i=0;i<tab->n;i++) {
58 x = tab->table_mvx[i];
59 y = tab->table_mvy[i];
60 tab->table_mv_index[(x << 6) | y] = i;
61 }
62}
63
64void ff_msmpeg4_code012(PutBitContext *pb, int n)
65{
66 if (n == 0) {
67 put_bits(pb, 1, 0);
68 } else {
69 put_bits(pb, 1, 1);
70 put_bits(pb, 1, (n >= 2));
71 }
72}
73
74static int get_size_of_code(MpegEncContext * s, RLTable *rl, int last, int run, int level, int intra){
75 int size=0;
76 int code;
77 int run_diff= intra ? 0 : 1;
78
79 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run, level);
80 size+= rl->table_vlc[code][1];
81 if (code == rl->n) {
82 int level1, run1;
83
84 level1 = level - rl->max_level[last][run];
85 if (level1 < 1)
86 goto esc2;
87 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run, level1);
88 if (code == rl->n) {
89 esc2:
90 size++;
91 if (level > MAX_LEVEL)
92 goto esc3;
93 run1 = run - rl->max_run[last][level] - run_diff;
94 if (run1 < 0)
95 goto esc3;
96 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run1, level);
97 if (code == rl->n) {
98 esc3:
99 /* third escape */
100 size+=1+1+6+8;
101 } else {
102 /* second escape */
103 size+= 1+1+ rl->table_vlc[code][1];
104 }
105 } else {
106 /* first escape */
107 size+= 1+1+ rl->table_vlc[code][1];
108 }
109 } else {
110 size++;
111 }
112 return size;
113}
114
115av_cold void ff_msmpeg4_encode_init(MpegEncContext *s)
116{
117 static int init_done=0;
118 int i;
119
120 ff_msmpeg4_common_init(s);
121 if(s->msmpeg4_version>=4){
122 s->min_qcoeff= -255;
123 s->max_qcoeff= 255;
124 }
125
126 if (!init_done) {
127 /* init various encoding tables */
128 init_done = 1;
129 init_mv_table(&ff_mv_tables[0]);
130 init_mv_table(&ff_mv_tables[1]);
131 for(i=0;i<NB_RL_TABLES;i++)
132 ff_init_rl(&ff_rl_table[i], ff_static_rl_table_store[i]);
133
134 for(i=0; i<NB_RL_TABLES; i++){
135 int level;
136 for (level = 1; level <= MAX_LEVEL; level++) {
137 int run;
138 for(run=0; run<=MAX_RUN; run++){
139 int last;
140 for(last=0; last<2; last++){
141 rl_length[i][level][run][last]= get_size_of_code(s, &ff_rl_table[ i], last, run, level, 0);
142 }
143 }
144 }
145 }
146 }
147}
148
149static void find_best_tables(MpegEncContext * s)
150{
151 int i;
152 int best = 0, best_size = INT_MAX;
153 int chroma_best = 0, best_chroma_size = INT_MAX;
154
155 for(i=0; i<3; i++){
156 int level;
157 int chroma_size=0;
158 int size=0;
159
160 if(i>0){// ;)
161 size++;
162 chroma_size++;
163 }
164 for(level=0; level<=MAX_LEVEL; level++){
165 int run;
166 for(run=0; run<=MAX_RUN; run++){
167 int last;
168 const int last_size= size + chroma_size;
169 for(last=0; last<2; last++){
170 int inter_count = s->ac_stats[0][0][level][run][last] + s->ac_stats[0][1][level][run][last];
171 int intra_luma_count = s->ac_stats[1][0][level][run][last];
172 int intra_chroma_count= s->ac_stats[1][1][level][run][last];
173
174 if(s->pict_type==AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I){
175 size += intra_luma_count *rl_length[i ][level][run][last];
176 chroma_size+= intra_chroma_count*rl_length[i+3][level][run][last];
177 }else{
178 size+= intra_luma_count *rl_length[i ][level][run][last]
179 +intra_chroma_count*rl_length[i+3][level][run][last]
180 +inter_count *rl_length[i+3][level][run][last];
181 }
182 }
183 if(last_size == size+chroma_size) break;
184 }
185 }
186 if(size<best_size){
187 best_size= size;
188 best= i;
189 }
190 if(chroma_size<best_chroma_size){
191 best_chroma_size= chroma_size;
192 chroma_best= i;
193 }
194 }
195
196 if(s->pict_type==AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P) chroma_best= best;
197
198 memset(s->ac_stats, 0, sizeof(int)*(MAX_LEVEL+1)*(MAX_RUN+1)*2*2*2);
199
200 s->rl_table_index = best;
201 s->rl_chroma_table_index= chroma_best;
202
203 if(s->pict_type != s->last_non_b_pict_type){
204 s->rl_table_index= 2;
205 if(s->pict_type==AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I)
206 s->rl_chroma_table_index= 1;
207 else
208 s->rl_chroma_table_index= 2;
209 }
210
211}
212
213/* write MSMPEG4 compatible frame header */
214void ff_msmpeg4_encode_picture_header(MpegEncContext * s, int picture_number)
215{
216 find_best_tables(s);
217
218 avpriv_align_put_bits(&s->pb);
219 put_bits(&s->pb, 2, s->pict_type - 1);
220
221 put_bits(&s->pb, 5, s->qscale);
222 if(s->msmpeg4_version<=2){
223 s->rl_table_index = 2;
224 s->rl_chroma_table_index = 2;
225 }
226
227 s->dc_table_index = 1;
228 s->mv_table_index = 1; /* only if P frame */
229 s->use_skip_mb_code = 1; /* only if P frame */
230 s->per_mb_rl_table = 0;
231 if(s->msmpeg4_version==4)
232 s->inter_intra_pred= (s->width*s->height < 320*240 && s->bit_rate<=II_BITRATE && s->pict_type==AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P);
233 av_dlog(s, "%d %d %d %d %d\n", s->pict_type, s->bit_rate,
234 s->inter_intra_pred, s->width, s->height);
235
236 if (s->pict_type == AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I) {
237 s->slice_height= s->mb_height/1;
238 put_bits(&s->pb, 5, 0x16 + s->mb_height/s->slice_height);
239
240 if(s->msmpeg4_version==4){
241 ff_msmpeg4_encode_ext_header(s);
242 if(s->bit_rate>MBAC_BITRATE)
243 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->per_mb_rl_table);
244 }
245
246 if(s->msmpeg4_version>2){
247 if(!s->per_mb_rl_table){
248 ff_msmpeg4_code012(&s->pb, s->rl_chroma_table_index);
249 ff_msmpeg4_code012(&s->pb, s->rl_table_index);
250 }
251
252 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->dc_table_index);
253 }
254 } else {
255 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->use_skip_mb_code);
256
257 if(s->msmpeg4_version==4 && s->bit_rate>MBAC_BITRATE)
258 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->per_mb_rl_table);
259
260 if(s->msmpeg4_version>2){
261 if(!s->per_mb_rl_table)
262 ff_msmpeg4_code012(&s->pb, s->rl_table_index);
263
264 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->dc_table_index);
265
266 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->mv_table_index);
267 }
268 }
269
270 s->esc3_level_length= 0;
271 s->esc3_run_length= 0;
272}
273
274void ff_msmpeg4_encode_ext_header(MpegEncContext * s)
275{
276 unsigned fps = s->avctx->time_base.den / s->avctx->time_base.num / FFMAX(s->avctx->ticks_per_frame, 1);
277 put_bits(&s->pb, 5, FFMIN(fps, 31)); //yes 29.97 -> 29
278
279 put_bits(&s->pb, 11, FFMIN(s->bit_rate/1024, 2047));
280
281 if(s->msmpeg4_version>=3)
282 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, s->flipflop_rounding);
283 else
284 av_assert0(s->flipflop_rounding==0);
285}
286
287void ff_msmpeg4_encode_motion(MpegEncContext * s,
288 int mx, int my)
289{
290 int code;
291 MVTable *mv;
292
293 /* modulo encoding */
294 /* WARNING : you cannot reach all the MVs even with the modulo
295 encoding. This is a somewhat strange compromise they took !!! */
296 if (mx <= -64)
297 mx += 64;
298 else if (mx >= 64)
299 mx -= 64;
300 if (my <= -64)
301 my += 64;
302 else if (my >= 64)
303 my -= 64;
304
305 mx += 32;
306 my += 32;
307#if 0
308 if ((unsigned)mx >= 64 ||
309 (unsigned)my >= 64)
310 av_log(s->avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "error mx=%d my=%d\n", mx, my);
311#endif
312 mv = &ff_mv_tables[s->mv_table_index];
313
314 code = mv->table_mv_index[(mx << 6) | my];
315 put_bits(&s->pb,
316 mv->table_mv_bits[code],
317 mv->table_mv_code[code]);
318 if (code == mv->n) {
319 /* escape : code literally */
320 put_bits(&s->pb, 6, mx);
321 put_bits(&s->pb, 6, my);
322 }
323}
324
325void ff_msmpeg4_handle_slices(MpegEncContext *s){
326 if (s->mb_x == 0) {
327 if (s->slice_height && (s->mb_y % s->slice_height) == 0) {
328 if(s->msmpeg4_version < 4){
329 ff_mpeg4_clean_buffers(s);
330 }
331 s->first_slice_line = 1;
332 } else {
333 s->first_slice_line = 0;
334 }
335 }
336}
337
338static void msmpeg4v2_encode_motion(MpegEncContext * s, int val)
339{
340 int range, bit_size, sign, code, bits;
341
342 if (val == 0) {
343 /* zero vector */
344 code = 0;
345 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_mvtab[code][1], ff_mvtab[code][0]);
346 } else {
347 bit_size = s->f_code - 1;
348 range = 1 << bit_size;
349 if (val <= -64)
350 val += 64;
351 else if (val >= 64)
352 val -= 64;
353
354 if (val >= 0) {
355 sign = 0;
356 } else {
357 val = -val;
358 sign = 1;
359 }
360 val--;
361 code = (val >> bit_size) + 1;
362 bits = val & (range - 1);
363
364 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_mvtab[code][1] + 1, (ff_mvtab[code][0] << 1) | sign);
365 if (bit_size > 0) {
366 put_bits(&s->pb, bit_size, bits);
367 }
368 }
369}
370
371void ff_msmpeg4_encode_mb(MpegEncContext * s,
372 int16_t block[6][64],
373 int motion_x, int motion_y)
374{
375 int cbp, coded_cbp, i;
376 int pred_x, pred_y;
377 uint8_t *coded_block;
378
379 ff_msmpeg4_handle_slices(s);
380
381 if (!s->mb_intra) {
382 /* compute cbp */
383 cbp = 0;
384 for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
385 if (s->block_last_index[i] >= 0)
386 cbp |= 1 << (5 - i);
387 }
388 if (s->use_skip_mb_code && (cbp | motion_x | motion_y) == 0) {
389 /* skip macroblock */
390 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 1);
391 s->last_bits++;
392 s->misc_bits++;
393 s->skip_count++;
394
395 return;
396 }
397 if (s->use_skip_mb_code)
398 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0); /* mb coded */
399
400 if(s->msmpeg4_version<=2){
401 put_bits(&s->pb,
402 ff_v2_mb_type[cbp&3][1],
403 ff_v2_mb_type[cbp&3][0]);
404 if((cbp&3) != 3) coded_cbp= cbp ^ 0x3C;
405 else coded_cbp= cbp;
406
407 put_bits(&s->pb,
408 ff_h263_cbpy_tab[coded_cbp>>2][1],
409 ff_h263_cbpy_tab[coded_cbp>>2][0]);
410
411 s->misc_bits += get_bits_diff(s);
412
413 ff_h263_pred_motion(s, 0, 0, &pred_x, &pred_y);
414 msmpeg4v2_encode_motion(s, motion_x - pred_x);
415 msmpeg4v2_encode_motion(s, motion_y - pred_y);
416 }else{
417 put_bits(&s->pb,
418 ff_table_mb_non_intra[cbp + 64][1],
419 ff_table_mb_non_intra[cbp + 64][0]);
420
421 s->misc_bits += get_bits_diff(s);
422
423 /* motion vector */
424 ff_h263_pred_motion(s, 0, 0, &pred_x, &pred_y);
425 ff_msmpeg4_encode_motion(s, motion_x - pred_x,
426 motion_y - pred_y);
427 }
428
429 s->mv_bits += get_bits_diff(s);
430
431 for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
432 ff_msmpeg4_encode_block(s, block[i], i);
433 }
434 s->p_tex_bits += get_bits_diff(s);
435 } else {
436 /* compute cbp */
437 cbp = 0;
438 coded_cbp = 0;
439 for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
440 int val, pred;
441 val = (s->block_last_index[i] >= 1);
442 cbp |= val << (5 - i);
443 if (i < 4) {
444 /* predict value for close blocks only for luma */
445 pred = ff_msmpeg4_coded_block_pred(s, i, &coded_block);
446 *coded_block = val;
447 val = val ^ pred;
448 }
449 coded_cbp |= val << (5 - i);
450 }
451
452 if(s->msmpeg4_version<=2){
453 if (s->pict_type == AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I) {
454 put_bits(&s->pb,
455 ff_v2_intra_cbpc[cbp&3][1], ff_v2_intra_cbpc[cbp&3][0]);
456 } else {
457 if (s->use_skip_mb_code)
458 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0); /* mb coded */
459 put_bits(&s->pb,
460 ff_v2_mb_type[(cbp&3) + 4][1],
461 ff_v2_mb_type[(cbp&3) + 4][0]);
462 }
463 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0); /* no AC prediction yet */
464 put_bits(&s->pb,
465 ff_h263_cbpy_tab[cbp>>2][1],
466 ff_h263_cbpy_tab[cbp>>2][0]);
467 }else{
468 if (s->pict_type == AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I) {
469 put_bits(&s->pb,
470 ff_msmp4_mb_i_table[coded_cbp][1], ff_msmp4_mb_i_table[coded_cbp][0]);
471 } else {
472 if (s->use_skip_mb_code)
473 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0); /* mb coded */
474 put_bits(&s->pb,
475 ff_table_mb_non_intra[cbp][1],
476 ff_table_mb_non_intra[cbp][0]);
477 }
478 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0); /* no AC prediction yet */
479 if(s->inter_intra_pred){
480 s->h263_aic_dir=0;
481 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_table_inter_intra[s->h263_aic_dir][1], ff_table_inter_intra[s->h263_aic_dir][0]);
482 }
483 }
484 s->misc_bits += get_bits_diff(s);
485
486 for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
487 ff_msmpeg4_encode_block(s, block[i], i);
488 }
489 s->i_tex_bits += get_bits_diff(s);
490 s->i_count++;
491 }
492}
493
494static void msmpeg4_encode_dc(MpegEncContext * s, int level, int n, int *dir_ptr)
495{
496 int sign, code;
497 int pred, av_uninit(extquant);
498 int extrabits = 0;
499
500 int16_t *dc_val;
501 pred = ff_msmpeg4_pred_dc(s, n, &dc_val, dir_ptr);
502
503 /* update predictor */
504 if (n < 4) {
505 *dc_val = level * s->y_dc_scale;
506 } else {
507 *dc_val = level * s->c_dc_scale;
508 }
509
510 /* do the prediction */
511 level -= pred;
512
513 if(s->msmpeg4_version<=2){
514 if (n < 4) {
515 put_bits(&s->pb,
516 ff_v2_dc_lum_table[level + 256][1],
517 ff_v2_dc_lum_table[level + 256][0]);
518 }else{
519 put_bits(&s->pb,
520 ff_v2_dc_chroma_table[level + 256][1],
521 ff_v2_dc_chroma_table[level + 256][0]);
522 }
523 }else{
524 sign = 0;
525 if (level < 0) {
526 level = -level;
527 sign = 1;
528 }
529 code = level;
530 if (code > DC_MAX)
531 code = DC_MAX;
532 else if( s->msmpeg4_version>=6 ) {
533 if( s->qscale == 1 ) {
534 extquant = (level + 3) & 0x3;
535 code = ((level+3)>>2);
536 } else if( s->qscale == 2 ) {
537 extquant = (level + 1) & 0x1;
538 code = ((level+1)>>1);
539 }
540 }
541
542 if (s->dc_table_index == 0) {
543 if (n < 4) {
544 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_table0_dc_lum[code][1], ff_table0_dc_lum[code][0]);
545 } else {
546 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_table0_dc_chroma[code][1], ff_table0_dc_chroma[code][0]);
547 }
548 } else {
549 if (n < 4) {
550 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_table1_dc_lum[code][1], ff_table1_dc_lum[code][0]);
551 } else {
552 put_bits(&s->pb, ff_table1_dc_chroma[code][1], ff_table1_dc_chroma[code][0]);
553 }
554 }
555
556 if(s->msmpeg4_version>=6 && s->qscale<=2)
557 extrabits = 3 - s->qscale;
558
559 if (code == DC_MAX)
560 put_bits(&s->pb, 8 + extrabits, level);
561 else if(extrabits > 0)//== VC1 && s->qscale<=2
562 put_bits(&s->pb, extrabits, extquant);
563
564 if (level != 0) {
565 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, sign);
566 }
567 }
568}
569
570/* Encoding of a block. Very similar to MPEG4 except for a different
571 escape coding (same as H263) and more vlc tables.
572 */
573void ff_msmpeg4_encode_block(MpegEncContext * s, int16_t * block, int n)
574{
575 int level, run, last, i, j, last_index;
576 int last_non_zero, sign, slevel;
577 int code, run_diff, dc_pred_dir;
578 const RLTable *rl;
579 const uint8_t *scantable;
580
581 if (s->mb_intra) {
582 msmpeg4_encode_dc(s, block[0], n, &dc_pred_dir);
583 i = 1;
584 if (n < 4) {
585 rl = &ff_rl_table[s->rl_table_index];
586 } else {
587 rl = &ff_rl_table[3 + s->rl_chroma_table_index];
588 }
589 run_diff = s->msmpeg4_version>=4;
590 scantable= s->intra_scantable.permutated;
591 } else {
592 i = 0;
593 rl = &ff_rl_table[3 + s->rl_table_index];
594 if(s->msmpeg4_version<=2)
595 run_diff = 0;
596 else
597 run_diff = 1;
598 scantable= s->inter_scantable.permutated;
599 }
600
601 /* recalculate block_last_index for M$ wmv1 */
602 if(s->msmpeg4_version>=4 && s->msmpeg4_version<6 && s->block_last_index[n]>0){
603 for(last_index=63; last_index>=0; last_index--){
604 if(block[scantable[last_index]]) break;
605 }
606 s->block_last_index[n]= last_index;
607 }else
608 last_index = s->block_last_index[n];
609 /* AC coefs */
610 last_non_zero = i - 1;
611 for (; i <= last_index; i++) {
612 j = scantable[i];
613 level = block[j];
614 if (level) {
615 run = i - last_non_zero - 1;
616 last = (i == last_index);
617 sign = 0;
618 slevel = level;
619 if (level < 0) {
620 sign = 1;
621 level = -level;
622 }
623
624 if(level<=MAX_LEVEL && run<=MAX_RUN){
625 s->ac_stats[s->mb_intra][n>3][level][run][last]++;
626 }
627
628 s->ac_stats[s->mb_intra][n > 3][40][63][0]++; //esc3 like
629
630 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run, level);
631 put_bits(&s->pb, rl->table_vlc[code][1], rl->table_vlc[code][0]);
632 if (code == rl->n) {
633 int level1, run1;
634
635 level1 = level - rl->max_level[last][run];
636 if (level1 < 1)
637 goto esc2;
638 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run, level1);
639 if (code == rl->n) {
640 esc2:
641 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0);
642 if (level > MAX_LEVEL)
643 goto esc3;
644 run1 = run - rl->max_run[last][level] - run_diff;
645 if (run1 < 0)
646 goto esc3;
647 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run1+1, level);
648 if (s->msmpeg4_version == 4 && code == rl->n)
649 goto esc3;
650 code = get_rl_index(rl, last, run1, level);
651 if (code == rl->n) {
652 esc3:
653 /* third escape */
654 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 0);
655 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, last);
656 if(s->msmpeg4_version>=4){
657 if(s->esc3_level_length==0){
658 s->esc3_level_length=8;
659 s->esc3_run_length= 6;
660 //ESCLVLSZ + ESCRUNSZ
661 if(s->qscale<8)
662 put_bits(&s->pb, 6 + (s->msmpeg4_version>=6), 3);
663 else
664 put_bits(&s->pb, 8, 3);
665 }
666 put_bits(&s->pb, s->esc3_run_length, run);
667 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, sign);
668 put_bits(&s->pb, s->esc3_level_length, level);
669 }else{
670 put_bits(&s->pb, 6, run);
671 put_sbits(&s->pb, 8, slevel);
672 }
673 } else {
674 /* second escape */
675 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 1);
676 put_bits(&s->pb, rl->table_vlc[code][1], rl->table_vlc[code][0]);
677 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, sign);
678 }
679 } else {
680 /* first escape */
681 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, 1);
682 put_bits(&s->pb, rl->table_vlc[code][1], rl->table_vlc[code][0]);
683 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, sign);
684 }
685 } else {
686 put_bits(&s->pb, 1, sign);
687 }
688 last_non_zero = i;
689 }
690 }
691}